國際社會期待企業在環境保護議題上扮演更積極的角色，廠商必須負起收集、回收並妥善處理產品的責任，因此封閉迴圈供應鏈(Closed-loop supply chain)近幾年來一直是熱門的研究領域，除了如何將產品由生產者交送到消費者手中外，它還強調產品的退回收，針對不同的回收內容都有一個相對應的逆向供應鏈 (reverse supply chain)架構。此外許多正向供應鏈（Forward Supply Chain）的研究中都強調產品設計在供應鏈管理中的重要性，因此本研究特別將類似的觀念應用在封閉迴圈供應鏈上，研究產品設計參數，尤其是共用零組件的使用對封閉迴圈供應鏈的影響。
本研究比較兩種主要的封閉迴圈供應鏈架構，一是平行 (Parallel) 架構，在此種結構中有兩條不同的產線，一條專為組裝產品，另一條專為拆解產品，兩條產線互相獨立。另外一個則是混合 (Mix) 架構，與平行架構最大的差異在於組裝與拆解兩種工作都在同一條生產線進行，混合結構的處理機台不但可以執行組裝的任務也可以執行拆解的任務。本研究探討是否使用共用零組件、共用零組件擺放位置、與延遲差異化程度對供應鏈正向流程時間(Cycle Time)的平均與變異有何影響。
我們根據共用元件及封閉迴圈供應鏈的特性，提出許多管理洞見的假說，幫助管理者瞭解如何在封閉迴圈供應鍊中妥善使用共用元件。

Due to the rising awareness of environmental protection and stringent regulations, companies are expected to take more responsibility to protect the environment including collecting and recycling their product. Hence, closed-loop supply chain which not only dealing with the distribution of new products but also collection and recycle of the used products becomes a very important research topic. In addition, many literatures in forward supply chain point out the importance of product design. In this research, we follow the same concept and apply it to closed-loop supply chain, especially how component commonality impact the closed-loop supply chain.
We consider two closed-loop supply chain structures, Parallel and Mix. In the Parallel structure, the assembly and disassembly lines are separated while in Mix structure they are performed by the same production line. We study how the usage and the location of common component as well as the degree of delayed differentiation enabled by common component impact the cycle time of forward supply chain under these two structures.
We base on the character of component commonality and closed-loop supply chain to address some hypotheses of managerial insights to help managers design their product better using common component in the closed-loop supply chain

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 2
第二章　文獻探討 4
2.1　封閉迴圈供應鏈之文獻探討 4
2.1.1收集和分配管理議題 4
2.1.2存貨控制和生產規劃 6
2.1.3逆物流其他相關的供應鏈管理議題 8
2.2 共用元件之文獻探討 10
2.2.1 存貨管理的議題 10
2.2.2 研發與工程議題 11
2.3 延遲差異化之文獻探討 12
2.4 與本研究相關之文獻探討 12
第三章 模式發展 4
3.1 問題描述 14
3.2 模型與研究方法 17
第四章 結果與管理意涵 23
4.1 共用元件的影響 23
4.2 共用元件擺放位置的影響 26
4.3 延遲差異化的影響 27
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 28
參考文獻 29

1. Baker, K. R., Magazine, M. J., Nuttle, H. L. W. 1986. The effect of commonality on safety stock in a simple inventory model. Management Science, 32(8), 982-988.
2. Chung, C. J., Wee, H. M. 2008. Green-component life-cycle value on design and reverse manufacturing in semi-closed supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 113, 528-545.
3. Collier, D.A. 1982. Aggregate safety stock levels and component part commonality. Management Science, 28 (11), 1296–1303.
4. De, Brito., Dekker, R. 2002. Reverse Logistics a review of case Studies. ERIM, EI, 2002-2021.
5. DeCroix, G. A., Zipkin, P. H. 2005. Inventory management for an assembly system with product or component returns. Management Science, 51(8), 1250-1256.
6. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K., Van Wassenhove, L. N. 2004. Reverse logistics: Quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains.
7. Deasi, P., Kekre. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Srinivasan., K. 2001. Product differentiation and commonalty in design: balancing revenue and cost drivers. Management Science, 45(1), 37-51.
8. Eynan, A., Rosenblatt, M.J., 1996. Component commonality effects on inventory costs. IIE Transactions 28, 93–104.
9. Ferguson , M.,Toktay, L. B. 2006. The Effect of Competition on Recovery Strategies. Production and Operations Management. 15(3), 351-368.
10. Ferrer, G., Swaminathan, J. M. 2006. Managing New and Remanufactured Products. Management Science. 52(1), 15-26.
11. Gerchak, Y., Magazine, M.J., Gamble, A.B., 1988. Component commonality with service level requirements. Management Science 34 (6), 753–760.
12. Guide Jr.,V. D. R., Van Wassenhove, L. N. 2001. Managingproductreturns for remanufacturing. Production and Operations Management, 10(2), 142-155.
13. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Jayaraman, R., Srivasta, R. 1999. Production planning and control for remanufacturing. Robitics and Computer-integrated manufacturing, 15(3), 221-230.
14. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Kraus, M. E., Srivasta, R. 1997a. Scheduling policies for remanufacturing. International Journal of Production Economics, 48, 187-204.
15. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Kraus, M. E., Srivasta, R. 1997b. Product structure complexity and scheduling of operations in recoverable manufacturing. Interational Journal of Production Research, 35, 3179-3199.
16. Guide Jr, V.D.R., Srivasta, R. 1997. An evaluation of order release strategies in a remanufacturing environment. Computers Operations Research, 24, 37-47.
17. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Srivasta, R. 1998. Inventory buffers in recoverable manufacturing. Journal of Operations Managements, 16, 551-568.
18. Guide Jr, V. D. R., Souza, G. C., Laan, E. V. D. 2005. Performance of static priority rules for shared facilities in a remanufacturing shop with disassembly and reassembly. European Journal of Operational Research, 164, 341-353.
21. Handfield, R., Walton, S. V., Sroufe, R. & Melnyk, S. A., 2002, “Applying
environmental criteria to supplier assessment: Astudy in the application of the
Analytical Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 141,70-87.
22. Hill, T., & Chambers, S. 1991. Flexibility - a manufacturing conundrum. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 11(2), 5-13.
23. Hillier, M. S. 1999. Component commonality in a multiple-period
inventory model with service level constraints. Internat. J. Production Res, 37(12), 2665–2683.
24. Humphreys, P. K., Wong Y. K. & Chan F. T. S., 2003, “Integrating environmental criteria into the supplier selection process”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 138, 349-356.
25. Jans, R., Degraeve, Z., Schepens, L. 2008. Analysis of an industrial component commonality problem. European Journal of Operational Research. 186, 801–811
26. Ketzenberg, M. E., Souza, G. C., Guide Jr, V.D.R. 2003. Mixed assembly and disassembly operations for remanufacturing. Production and Operations Management, 12(3), 320-335
27. Kleber, R., Minner, S., Kiesmüller, G. 2002. A continuous time inventory model for a product recovery system with multiple options. International Journal of Production Economics, 79 , 121–141.
28. Laan, E. V. D., Salomon, M., Dekker, R., Wassenhov, L. V. 1999. Inventory control in hybrid systems with remanufacturing. Management Science, 45(5), 733-747.
29. Lee, H. L. 1996. Effective inventory and service management through product and process redesign. Operations Research, 44 (1), 151-158.
30. Lee, H. L., & Tang, C. S. 1997. Modeling the cost and benefits of delayed product differentiation. Management Science, 43 (1), 40-53.
31. Madu, C. N., Kuei, C., Madu, I. E. 2002. A hierarchic metric approach for integration of green issues in manufacturing: a paper recycling application. Journal of Environmental Management, 64, 261-272.
32. Matthias, H., & Frits, K. P. 2001. Successful build-to-order strategies start with t he customer. Sloan Management Review, 43 (1), 74-83.
33. McCutcheon, D., Raturi, A., & Meredith, J. 1994. The customization-responsiveness squeeze. Sloan Management Review, 35 (2) 89-99.
34. Mieghem, J. A. V. 2004. Note—Commonality Strategies: Value Drivers and Equivalence with Flexible Capacity and Inventory Substitution MANAGEMENT SCIENCE. 50(3), 419–424.
35. Noci, G. 1997. Designing “green” vendor rating systems for the assessment of a supplier’s environmental performance. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 3( 2), 103-114.
36. Savaskan, R. C., Bhattacharya, S., Van Wassenhove, L. N. 2004. Closed-loop supply chain models with product remanufacturing. Management Science, 50(2), 239-252.
37. Su, J. C., Chang, Y. L., Ferguson, M. 2005. Evaluation of postponement structures to accommodate mass customization. Journal of Operations Management, 23, 305-318.
39. Swaminathan, J. M. 2001. Enabling Customization Using Standardized Operations. California Management Review. 43(3), 125-135.
40. Swift, K. G., Booker, J. D., Edmondson, N. F.2004. Strategies and case studies in assembly system selection. Instn Mech, Engrs.218(B), 675-688
41. Thonemann, U.W., Brandeau, M.L., 2000. Optimal commonality in component design. Operations Research 48 (1), 1–19.
42. Thonemann, U. W., Bradley, J. R. 2002. The effect of product variety on supply-chain performance. European Journal of Operational Research, 143, 548-569.
43. Zikopoulos, C., Tagaras, G. 2007. Impact of uncertainty in the quality of returns on the profitability of a single-period refurbishing operation. European Journal of Operational Research, 182 (1), 205-225.
44. Zikopoulos, C., Tagaras, G. 2008. On the attractiveness of sorting before disassembly in remanufacturing. IIE Transactions, 40(3), 313-323.
45. Zuidwijk, R., Krikke, H. 2008. Strategic response to EEE returns: Product eco-design or new recovery processes? European Journal of Operational Research, 191, 1206-1222.