Taiwan wild grape (Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana, VTT) is an important traditional herbal medicine used to treat muscle injuries and acute and chronic pain of the ligaments. Information on its bioactivity and the underlying mechanisms, which have not been elucidated thus far, is needed to demonstrate its value for pharmacological and clinical use. This study presents evidence to clarify the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanolic extract of VTT stem (VTT_(EtOH)) and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in such bioactivities. In the mice, VTT_(EtOH) significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing response (P < 0.01), formalin-induced licking time (P < 0.01), and edema paw volume at 4 and 5 h after λ-carrageenan (Carr) injection. VTT_(EtOH) obviously decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (P < 0.01), interleukin (IL)-1β (P < 0.05), IL-6 (P < 0.001), nuclear factor (NF)-κB. (P < 0.001), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (P < 0.001), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (P < 0.001) and nitric oxide (NO) (P < 0.001) in edema-paw tissue. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects might involve significant inhibition of the activity of COX-2 through suppression of NF-κB. and iNOS expressions and reduction of the levels of various inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO. Our findings provided pharmacological and histopathological evidences that VTT_(EtOH) alleviates inflammatory pain-related diseases.
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