從朱熹鬼神觀談三教辨正問題的儒學理論建構

The Construction of Chu-Hsi's Confucian Theory through the Debate with the Buddhism and the Daoism in the Issue of the Existence of the Ghost and the Deity Creatures

杜保瑞(Bau-Ruei Duh)

《東吳哲學學報》 10期 (2004/08) Pp. 55-92

https://doi.org/10.29732/SJPS.200408.0003

摘要

朱熹建構理氣論的形上學系統以論究天地萬物，甚至以魂魄論說鬼神，從儒學史來看，那個在孔子處不談的鬼神問題，在董仲舒處以天的角色大談的天神問題，在張載處以神化作用解消的鬼神問題，卻在朱熹這裡以理氣論的結構而予以知識的說明，包括了人死為鬼的可能性說明、祭祀感格的可能性說明、占筮感通的可能性說明、民間祭拜行為的意義說明等，鬼神在儒家哲學的理論體系中有了意義明確的存在性了。本文對於此一議題的討論重點便是在說明朱熹理氣論認識架構下的儒家鬼神觀是如何建立的，以及朱熹說明儒者應如何對待此一在經驗世界中確有其事的鬼神現象，最後再整體討論經過朱熹的理論建構之後儒釋道三教的理論辨正又進至了一個怎樣的新境，檢討其說是否真正撼動了儒釋道三教價值辨正的理論衝突問題。

關鍵字

朱熹 ； 鬼神 ； 魂魄 ； 宇宙論 ； 理氣論 ； 祭祀 ； 陰陽 ； 占筮

並列摘要

In the theoretical history of the Confucianism, the issue of the ghost and the deity is always a difficult problem. Since these creatures in the cosmology of the Daoism religion and the Buddhist religion are existing in their system and play an important role. In the theory of the Daoism religion the deity always have very much strong connection with the people in this world and play a role of a commander to order human beings obey some moral rules. In the world view of the Buddhism the Buddha are themselves spirit creatures and play a role of guiding all the people to cultivate themselves to become as perfect as they are. Both Daoism and Buddhism’s theory need the spirit creatures to play moral roles. But the Confucian theory is insisting on never rely on the others even the spirit creatures to cultivate themselves and correct their own behavior. They ask to be moral only by their own will and the universal principle of the heaven. In the ordinary knowledge of the daily life, the existing of the ghost and the deity are wildly known by people, therefore the Confucian should deal with this problem. At the very beginning Confucius refuted to discuss about the affairs of the spirit creatures. But in the tradition of the book of Change there presupposed an existence and activity of the ghost and the deity. In the age of the neo-Confucianism Chu-Hsi present a synthesized theory to deal with this theoretical conflict. He still proposed that the ghost and the deity shouldn't play role in the human being's moral behavior, but not denying the existence of the spirit creatures. The ghost is surly the soul of the dead person staying at this world temporarily for somewhat reason but never lasted for long. This means there is the ghost but it will disappear at the last. People should trust themselves instead of any other creatures to run for their own perfect personality. This issue touched the center of the dispute between the three main schools of the Chinese philosophy. In this article the author will illustrate all the arguments Chu-Hsi proposed and to see how Chu-Hsi establish his Confucian theory through this issue.

並列關鍵字

Chu-His ； ghost ； deity ； Confucianism ； soul

參考文獻

金春峰。朱熹哲學思想。台北:東大圖書公司。

張立文。朱熹思想研究。台北:谷風出版社。

陳來。朱熹哲學研究。台北:文津出版社。

勞思光。新編中國哲學史。台北:三民書局。

馮友蘭。中國哲學史新編。台北:藍燈文化事業。