陌生情境中嬰兒行為及其依附類型研究初探

A Preliminary Study on Attachment of Infant to His Mother under the strange Situation

蘇建文(Chien-Wen Su) ； 丁心平(Hsin-Ping Ding) ； 許錦云(Zin-Yun Hsu)

《教育心理學報》 23期 (1990/06) Pp. 49-70

https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19900601.3

摘要

本研究採用Ainsworth之陌生情境測驗，將62名一歲嬰兒及其母親置於堥設計好的陌生情境中，觀察嬰兒的行爲表現，以分別了解(1)母親與嬰兒探索行爲間的關係；(2)陌生情境與陌生人對於嬰兒行爲的影響；(3)與母親的分離經驗對於嬰兒行爲的影響；(4)我國嬰兒依附關係的類型及其行爲特徵；(5)陌生情境測驗在我國之適用性。本研究結果顯示，母親確爲這安全保壘，而依附行爲亦確爲嬰兒目標調整系統，母親在身邊時，受試表現之探索、發聲及微笑行爲較多，陌生人出現，受試嬰兒的探索、發聲及微笑行爲明顯減少，而依附行爲強度增加，與母親分離的經驗，亦造成探索行爲急遽下降，哭泣、尋找母親的行爲增加，而分離後與母親重聚時，尋求親近母親，與母親作身體接觸，以及維繫接觸的行爲強度均明顯增加，在62名受試嬰兒中，安全依附型計47名，逃避型11名，愛怒交織型4名。不同依附類型嬰兒在陌生情境測驗中的行爲反應有所不同，逃避型嬰兒所表現之探索行爲最多，對環境物體發聲最多，最不愛哭，對陌生人的興超過對母親的興趣，與母親分離對其影響不大，與母親重聚時依附行爲最弱，而逃避母親的傾向卻很明顯；受怒交織型的嬰兒最易受陌生情境及陌生人影響，所表現之探索行爲最少，最愛哭，尋求與母親親近，作身體接觸以及維繫接觸的行爲傾向最爲強烈，充分顯示焦慮與不安全感，另方面抗拒母親的行爲最爲強烈。整體而言，陌生情境測驗可適用我國嬰兒。

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to observe the behavior of Chisese infant under the strange situations test developed by Ainsworth in order to understand (1) the relationship between the mother and the exploralory behavior of her infant; (2) the influences of the stranger and the strange situation on the behavior of infant; (3) the effect of separation from the mother on the behavior of infant; (4) the classification of attachment among Chinese infants; (5) the suitability of the strange situations test to be used with Chinese infants. 62 infants of one years old from Taipei and their mothers were invited as the subject. They were observed according to the standard procedure used by Ainsworth. The following resultes were found.
1. This study has comfirmed Ainsworth's point of view that the mother is the security base of her infant while he is exploring the environment.
2. The presence of the stranger it1 the strange situation produced great effect on the infant's behavior. Their exploratory behavior were sharply reduced and their attachment behavior were significantly increased in strength.
3. Most of the subjects had shown separation anxiety when their mother left the observation room. These induced separation experiences had increased the frequency of crying and searching for the mother on the part of infants. The reunion with the mother had in creased infants' explortory behavior, the strength of seeking proximity to and maintaining contact with the mother.
4. Among the 62 infant subjects, 47 were classified as the securred attachment group, 11 as th avoidance group and 4 as the ambivilance group. The distribution of each group was similar to those of Ainsworth's study but different from those found in Germany, Isarel and Japan.
5. The behavior characteristics of differint attachment type shown in the strange situation were significantly different. Infants of avoidant type had shown weak attachment relationship with their mothers. The infants of ambivilent type had shown high level of anxiety and insecurity. Their needs for keeping poximity to their mothers, making efforts for physical contact and trying to maintain contact were very strong. However, they also showed strong resistence to their mothers at the same time.
6. The strange situation test was a stress producing instrument which has produced changes on infant's behavior in concordance with Ainsworth's expectation. Therefore, it can be used with Chinese infants.