論汲冢竹書出世在中古學界造成的影響

西晉武帝太康二年（281），汲郡發現了戰國魏王遺塚，得古竹書數十車，成為西晉學術史上的一件大事。當世學人荀勖、和嶠、束皙、杜預、衛恒、王庭堅、王接、摯虞、謝衡、續咸、傅瓚、張宙、干寶、張華、司馬彪、徐廣、樂資、郭璞等人先後投入竹書的研究，在學界引發了重重的波瀾，留下或明或暗的印痕與影響。竹書雖經整理為十五書、十九雜篇，事實上「差為整頓」的只有《紀年》、《瑣語》、《穆天子傳》三種而已。本文就以此三書為目，探測三書在當世學界的「接受」。古本《紀年》在當世先是引生了對上古史的一連串檢討，如舜放堯、啟殺益、太甲殺伊尹、文丁殺季歷等等，又引生了對古代史地內容細節的大量考察補正，又因編年為「古史記之正法」，遂引起編年體之復興。《瑣語》是「諸國卜夢妖怪相書」，乃雜史而近小說者，遂成為古代怪異預言總集，直接影響《搜神記》、《神異記》、《博物志》等書的內容，並與志怪小說之興盛有不可切斷的關係。《穆天子傳》託為周穆王西征遊行紀事，當時以為史實，又因彼此內容之相滲，重新引起時人對《山海經》的注意。郭璞既注《穆天子傳》，又注《山海經》，又與《紀年》、《爾雅》等彼此附會，構成一整套神話傳說知識系統，往下影響了《列子．周穆王》篇的偽成、古小說《漢武帝內傳》的主題，甚至促成晉僧法顯西遊記《法顯傳》的撰造。

關鍵字

汲冢書；竹書紀年；汲冢瑣語；穆天子傳；志怪小說

並列摘要

In 281 A.D. when Emperor Wu reigned the West Jin dynasty, dozens of cartloads of ancient bamboo slips were discovered in the burial mound of King of Wei of the Warring States period, which was a major event in West Jin academic history. Xun Xu, He Jiao, Shu Xi, Du Yu, Wei Heng, Wang Ting-Jian, Wang Jie, Zhi Yu, Xie Heng, Xu Xian, Fu Zan, Zhang Zhou, Gan Bao, Zhang Hua, Si-Ma Biao, Xu Guang, Yue Zi, Guo Pu, and other scholars all plunged into the study of the bamboo slip texts. The efforts brought about waves of discussions and influenced the academic circles. The texts were sorted into 15 books and 19 miscellaneous articles, but only the three books are in better order: the Bamboo Annals, the Trivial Talks, and the Tale of King Mu. This study focuses on them to investigate how they influenced the contemporary academic circles. The ancient text of the Bamboo Annals stirred up examination of historical events such as Shun exiling Yao, Qi slaying Yi, Tai-Jia slaying Yi-Yin, and Wen-Ding slaying Ji-Li. It also triggered investigations and verifications of ancient history and geography details and the revival of the annals as ＂the proper methodology to history recording.＂ The Trivial Talks is ＂a monster dream divination book of the states＂ mixed with history and similar to a collection of short stories. It serves as a collection of ancient strange prophetic words that influenced later works such as the Records of Searching for Spirits, the Records of Anomalies, the Records of All Things, and directly led to the flourishing of many tales of the strange. The Tale of King Mu was believed to be a true historical account of Emperor Mu of Zhou's westward incursion and exploration and thus aroused much attention to the related work Classic of Mountains and Seas. Guo Pu not only annotated both the Tale of King Mu and the Classic of Mountains and Seas and drew links between them and the Bamboo Annals and the Er-Ya, thereby forming a complete knowledge system of myths and legends. The system resulted in the fabrication of ＂King Mu of Zhou＂ of the Liezi, became the theme of the ancient novel Anecdote of Emperor Wu of Han, and contributed to the fake Biography of Fa-Xian about the Jin monk Fa-Xian's purported adventures.