由《儀禮經傳通解》學禮編探討朱子格物工夫的理論與實踐

朱子所編著的《儀禮經傳通解》中，學禮編共有〈學制〉、〈學義〉、〈弟子職〉等十六篇。本文先分析〈學制〉中的「教民之學」、「教子弟之學」、「教學之通法」所引用的三德、三行、六藝、六儀之學，指出朱子乃是以「德、行、道、藝」之說來解讀由小學至大學的學習進程。並以〈學義〉、〈學記〉中的朱子注文為線索，勾勒出學禮編的古代學制：以弟子職為學「文」之基礎，而「文」則分為小學階段的六藝習行，以及大學階段四術――「詩、書、禮、樂」的啟發式學習。將學禮編以六藝、四術為主的古大學之教，與《大學章句》的格物致知之學相互參證，對於格物說的理論與實踐可得到更完整的理解：就格物理論而言，應當窮格天下萬物之理，但在學習的實際上則落實於四子及五經等聖人古訓。以朱子個人實踐而言，讀經、治經既是個人窮理之所得，也是藉以傳道教學的方式。但一般學者隨資質與所習經典內容的不同，有門徑與順序的差異，在切己受用的前提下，未必人人可致力於五經之學，因此在窮格上需注意本末先後。五經是聖人立教的憑藉，研讀經書以明體達用，是格物工夫的終點，因此無法被以道德主張為主的四書所取代，也反映了朱子所提出的義理具有歷史與社會考量的特殊知識性。

關鍵字

格物；儀禮經傳通解；朱子；小學；大學

並列摘要

Yili Jing Zhuan Tong Jie was the last editing work in Zhu Xi's life. 'Ritual of School' in the book illustrates basic structure of schools in ancient time, which includes preschool learning, elementary learning (xiao xue) and adult learning (da xue). This article analyzes ancient text in 'Ritual of School,' figuring out the main ideas, 'virtue, conduct, principle, skillfulness' (de, xing, dao, yi) that Zhu Xi brought out to interpret the learning process. The basic learning for adult in an ancient school contains 'Six Arts' (liu yi) and 'Four Skills' (si shu). According to the theory of ＂studying the nature of things＂ (ge wu), one needs to study everything in the world in order to acquire knowledge of God's principles (tian li). In reality, the study focuses on classic learning and editing. Comparing the learning in Yili Jing Zhuan Tong Jie with Book of Adult Learning, this article discovers that learning and editing classics for Zhu Xi is both self-cultivating and teaching for others. And it is also the way that ancient saints taught people of that time and in later periods. The importance of teaching in Five Classics (wu jing) in the theory of ＂studying the nature of things＂ shows Zu Xi's knowledge system. In this sense, Zhu Xi's work in Five Classics refers to knowing permanent principles. The principles help to manage the world by means of ＂wen＂, and thus could not be replaced by any ethical statements in Four Books.