語言、戲謔與聯姻：貴州苗人平日游方說話的分析

日常會話的研究，著重由社會互動、日常經驗、語言行為來探討社會、文化與個體之間動態的關聯。苗人游方會話活動在「參與」及「輪流」原則的運作下，所突顯的，不只是會話的語言結構特性，也是村棄脈絡下的人群分類、聯姻結構的關聯。游方的會話活動，在互動的行為，及所傳達的語意訊息，還有屬於行為、情緒面向的特殊性。這是通過輪流這樣的語言行動，所表現的游方過程中的「行禮如儀」，與「戲謔的氛圍」。本文指出，經由會話的結構脈絡，及語意兩層面的探討，苗族日常游方會話的語言行動，提供一特定、具體的，由在地行動者發聲的詮釋角度，說明游方在苗族村寨社會的主動性，而非簡單的作為婚姻的附屬。亦即，經由日常對話的形式、互動，創造游方的制度性、戲謔、聯姻結構三者的聚焦與並置。游方說話的例子，闡述言說行動以其特定、具體的文化形式，展現其對社會生產與再生產之維繫的效力與價值。

關鍵字

會話分析；制度化談情；聯姻；苗族

並列摘要

Focusing on daily experiences and courting speeches, this study aims to explore the dynamic relationships between the social, cultural and individual in the courting conversations occurring in natural settings. The theories of participation and turn-taking have been devised by the school of Conversation Analysis since 1960s. Through analyzing the structures and contents of the Miao daily courting talk, this paper finds that these two rules of participation and turn-taking are both active in formulating the whole conversations. But operating by these two rules, the Miao daily courting activities and conversations have not only manifested specific linguistic characteristics but also indexed the social connotations of kinship and marital alliance of local Miao villages. Furthermore, the social interactions and semantic exchanges by the participants in the Miao daily courting actions and talks also possess specific emotional and behavioral features. Those are the manner of politeness and joking, and the amusing atmosphere created by Miao courting boys and girls taking turns when they are making conversation. Moreover, a peculiar, substantial and local voice, which expresses that the institutional courtship are consonant with joke and marital alliance, has been made up concretely and intelligibly by the forms and interactions of daily courting talk.