論道與物關係問題：中國哲學史上的一條主線

本文旨在論證老莊有關道、物關係的哲學論題及其理論思維，乃是中國哲學史上的一條主線。首先闡釋老莊道的義涵，指出作為萬物根源的道具有如下的幾層義涵：一、道為無限性之實存體；二、道為一切存在之大全；三、道為大化發育流行之過程；四、道為萬有生命的泉源；五、道為主體精神所上達之最高境界；六、道蘊含天道與人道。其次分別就老、莊的道物關係議題作出分析。首先，本文指出老子的道、物關係具有如下幾層內容：一、道為物之本原及存在根據；二、道、物之「有」「無」範疇；三、道器之形上與形下之關係；四、道物之體用問題；五、道物之一多關係；六、道物之動靜性能。老子這幾層道、物關係的議題，成為歷代中國哲學史上不斷探討的哲學論題。其次，指出莊子的道、物關係涵蘊有：一、道無終始，物有死生；二、道物無際；三、氣化論等義涵。莊子的道、物關係闡發老子的基本觀點，並有諸多突破性的思想：其一，莊子將道與生命緊密地結合在一起；其二，莊子在道、物之間提出氣的觀點解釋宇宙萬物的生成與聚散。莊子的思想進一步影響了兩漢、魏晉，以至宋明理學道、物關係的理論思維。本文透過完整地分析老、莊道、物關係後，釐析出老、莊所奠立的道、物關係理論模式，透過魏晉哲學中的有無、本末等關係範疇，延伸為宋明理學中，理氣關係、道器關係，以及陰陽動靜關係等的理論架構。其在哲學史上的影響至深且巨。

關鍵字

老子；莊子；道；物；魏晉玄學；宋明理學

並列摘要

This article targets at Lao-tzu’s and Chuang-tzu’s thoughts on the relation between Tao and creatures, which is the main thread in Chinese philosophy. The argument is divided into two parts: the first analyses Lao-tzu’s thoughts on this and the second focuses on Chuang-tzu’s.What is common to Lao-tzu’s and Chuang-tzu’s thoughts on the contents and meanings of Tao and creatures could be summarized as follows: First, Tao is the origin of life. Second, Tao is real and limitless. Third, Tao is the wholeness of all existence. Fourth, Tao is the power and process of transforming and producing all creatures. Fifth, Tao consists of the way of heaven and that of the human.Yet more specifically, Lao-tzu’s thoughts on the relation between Tao and creatures are concerned with the following issues. First, the occurrence and existence of all creatures according to Tao. Second, the categories of Being and Non-being of Tao and creatures. Third, the relation between Tao and things. Fourth, the substance and function of Tao and creatures. Fifth, the complex relation between the single Tao and various creatures. Sixth, the stillness and movement of Tao and creatures. In contrast, Chuang-tzu thinks that Tao is limitless but creatures have to face the problem of life and death, and there is no distance between Tao and creatures. So Chuang-tzu’s thoughts go beyond those of Lao-tzu’s in at least two ways. The first is that Chuangtzu links Tao with life closely, and the second is that he explains the relation between Tao and creatures as the gathering and dispersing of Chi. Chuang-tzu’s thoughts influence not only Han Dynasty and Wei-Chin period but also the study ofLi in Sung and Ming Dynasty.In short, Lao-tzu’s and Chuang-tzu’s thoughts on the relation between Tao and creatures have a great influence on Chinese philosophy.