莊子的道論與反身性

本文著重於呈現的論點為：莊子言道在客觀地指向差異而流變，以及自然而本真的存在性或存在真實的同時，更關注的是作為生命實踐之參與者－個人，如何契合與融入道的存在真實中。而這在莊子，正是體現在反身性上。所謂反身性，指向個人回視自身、顯現自身的歷程，並在這歷程中契入道所指向的存在真實。對於莊子而言，個人的反身實踐主要在以下幾個面向中契合著道差異而流變，以及自然而本真的存在性：凸顯純然的在己性、反身而專凝，以及反身反思等。首先，在反身的在己性中，莊子既彰顯了生命屬己的特殊性以及不可共量性，同時也由此不可替代、共量的在己性，呈現一種孤獨、疏離的存在感。在反身的屬己性中，生命正契合著道所指向的差異性的存在真實；其次，在反身實踐的內斂專凝中，並非凝止於自我內在，而是在物我遭遇的當下彼此穿透、互達自身，而生命也因之融入了道本真自然的存在真實中；再者，在反身的反思性中，透過持續地反思與懸問，醒覺自身的認知與語言的質性與框架，並逐漸鬆脫、懸宕，而讓心靈達至一種對於認知與語言既超越又順應的進動與自由，並契合著道所指向的流變的存在性。

關鍵字

莊子；道；存在性；反身性；反思；遊動

並列摘要

This paper attempts to present the following idea: for Zhuangzi, the Dao on one hand indicates objective differences, changes, natural and authentic existentiality, and realness, but on the other hand, Zhuangzi is concerned most about how man, as a true experiencing subject, can integrate himself with the realness of the Dao. And this concern is demonstrated by the idea of self-reflection in Zhuangzi. Self-reflection is a process for man to become one with the Dao by looking within oneself. For Zhuangzi, the practice of self-reflection corresponds to the Dao and its authentic existentiality in the following aspects: reflection as being-in-itself, concentrated reflection, and reflection as self-reflection. First, in terms of reflection as being-in-itself, Zhuangzi manifests the uniqueness and immeasurable quality of life, which reveals the solitary and alienated feeling of existence; and since this reflection is ”in each case mineness” (屬己性), man's life is compatible with the differentiality of realness of being. Secondly, in terms of concentrated reflection, man penetrates into the natural and authentic realness of the Dao. And finally, with reflection as self-reflection, man reaches, through continuous self inquiry and reflection, the harmonious yet free movement of the heart in transcending the frame of cognition and language.