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「不知之雲」的哲學諮商

The Philosophical Counseling of "the Cloud of Unknowing"

摘要


近代所有有關哲學實踐或哲學諮商的著作中幾乎都提到了和靈性有關的步驟和方法,如Peace中提到沉思(Contemplation)和平衡(Equilibrium),Fiit中提到超越(Transcendence),「超越方法的方法」提到的超越(Beyond)及CISA中提到的S(Spiritual Moving)和A(Ascendance)都是以靈性為諮商的最後階段。這和心理諮商有著極大的不同,大部分的心理諮商都是和行為或情緒有闕,而幾乎所有的哲學諮商都是和價值或靈性有關。靈性一詞和英文Spirituality很相似,他不僅在述說個人的內在訴求,也在說明靈性的對象不祇是在自然界中的靈性對象,也包含了超自然界中的靈性對象,因此,靈性一般來說可有下列幾種說:去:1.指精神:精氣。2.人所具有的聰明才智,對事物的感受和理解的能力。3.特指對宗教的悟性。4.靈魂。5.動物在馴化後具有的智慧。但對哲學諮商而言,除了5之外都是哲學諮商的諮商內容,因此本文將以2、3、4為基本討論的目標並以西方為內含。到了中世紀對於靈性的探討風起雲湧,各種各樣的學說及方法層出不窮,這也可以看出靈性修練的豐宮內含,而其中最引人注意的乃是恆居(stability)與托缽(mendicant)的差異,也就是默觀與服務的分野,但是絕大多數的力行者或學者都以為二者的互相搭配才是適當的,多瑪斯(Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1275)對於默觀與服務的並進則以為是基督徒最完美的生活方式,他說:「默觀所得,與人分享。」(comtemplata aliis tradere)。由此可說靈性修練和現世生活並不街突,這也正如教宗方濟所說:「身為神職人員的我們,往往有『神職化』平信徒的傾向。而平信徒-很多人但不是每一個人-跪下來求我們『神職化』他們,因為在教堂輔祭比平日信仰上當主角更為舒適。我們無須落入這個陷阱,因為這是個充滿罪惡的陰謀。」神職人員和平信徒雖各有其方法但目的卻是同一個,沒有誰比誰的方法更有效。十四世紀西方靈性發展大都富於神秘色彩,大多以本地語言文字撰寫,如以地區來分主要有萊茵河學派(Rhineland Mysticism)、法蘭密斯學派(Flemish Mysticism)及俠名學派(Unknowing Mysticism),萊茵河學派以艾克哈(Master Eckhart, ca.1260-1328)為代表、法蘭密斯學派則是以雷斯博克(Janvan Ruusbro ce, 1293-1381)為代表、佚名學派則是以不知之雲(The Cloud of Unknowing)為代表。《不知之雲》是一本以英文為內容的書籍,因此相傳作者是一位英國人,至於這位英國人的身份雖然無法確定,但以十四世紀英國的普通文化狀況觀察,如果不是神職人員至少也是一位具有深厚文化素養的高層人士,其著作本書的目的不在引導陌生者入門而是為在靈性修練已有準備的人,鋪陳前進的階梯。

並列摘要


Almost all writings on philosophical practice and philosophical counseling in recent times mention the steps and methods that are related to spirituality, such as contemplation and equilibrium as part of Peace, transcendence as part of FITT, "beyond" as part of the "Beyond-Method" Method, along with spiritual moving and ascendance as part of CISA; all these consider spirituality as the final stage of counseling. In this regard, philosophical counseling is far from psychological counseling, most of which concerns behaviors and emotions while philosophical counseling is mostly about values or spirituality. Spirituality describes not only one's inward demand but also explicates that the subjects of spirituality include subjects from both the natural and the supernatural worlds. Therefore, spirituality could mean the following things: first, spirit; second, intelligence; third, religious understanding; fourth, soul; and fifth, the intelligence possessed by animals after they are tamed. However, the first four meanings belong to the area of philosophical counseling and would be discussed in the context of western philosophy. The inquiry about spirituality flourished in the medieval age, with all kinds of doctrines and methods emerging, which showed the richness of spiritual cultivation. Among others, the most remarkable feature was the difference between stability and mendicant, that is, the distinction between contemplation and service. However, for most practitioners and scholars, only the coordination in between was appropriate. Thomas Aquinas believed that the perfect lifestyle for a Christian was developing contemplation and service side by side, as he said, "comtemplata aliis tradere." Therefore, spiritual cultivation and secular life are not in any conflicts, as Pope Francis said, "as priests , we tend to make believers more sacred, while believers-many but not all of them-beg us to make them more sacred, because it's more comfortable serving in church than believing in the Lord in everyday lives. We don't have to fall into this trap, since it's a sinful conspiracy." Priests and believers have their respective methods but serve one and the same purpose, and their methods are equally effective. In the fourteenth century, the development of spirituality was more or less mystical and written in vernaculars. In terms of districts, there were Rhineland Mysticism, Flemish Mysticism, and Unknowing Mysticism, respectively represented by Master Eckhart, Jan van Ruusbroce and The Cloud of Unknowing. The Cloud of Unknowing is reported to be authored by an English man who was either a priest or a man profound in cultural literacy and high in ranks, and his book was intended not to lead strangers into spirituality but to pave the steps forward for whose who were spiritually cultivated and prepared.

參考文獻


Aristotle. De Anima
Evelyn-White, H. G.(trans.). The Theogony of Hesiod
(2005).The Cloud of Unknowing.New York:Doubleday.
保羅.田立克、羅鶴年譯(1999)。信仰的能力。臺南:教會公報出版社。
約翰.麥奎利、何菠莎譯(1997)。二十世紀宗教思潮。香港:基督教文藝出版社。

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