朱子聖學實現工夫的特性研究－以內聖修養的修己工夫為主

本文的目的在於分析性理學的集大成者朱子通過所提示的聖學修養工夫方法的特性，為人性教育提供理論基礎。朱子認為只要是人無論誰都稟受了聖學的根據－「明德」，能夠進行道德思考和行為。明德既是性的本體－本然之性，又是心的本體－本心。只要明德發見，人們即使不進行有意識的努力，也會自律地進行道德思考和行為。因為明德的本體中，心與性已經合一，內在著使知與行一致的根據和視己與人為一體的基礎。只是由於先天氣質和後天人欲的影響，凡人在未發之前難以存心養性，已發之際又難以格致躬行。並且在向外擴大明德的推行過程中，難以施於仁愛、難以感化他人。於是，朱子提出內聖的修己和外王的治人。內聖的修己工夫是在未發之前進行的工夫和已發之際進行的工夫，外王的治人工夫則是為推行而進行的工夫。修己的未發工夫是在心方面的靜中存心和在性方面的動中養性。修己的已發工夫是在知方面的格物致知和在行方面的誠意正心。治人的推行工夫則在己側面的立本自新和在人側面的成末新民。存養明德而完成道德的人格、擴充明德而實現道德的社會，是通過內聖的修己和外王的治人所達到的聖學終極目標。

關鍵字

朱子；聖學；明德；內聖外王；修己治人；未發工夫；已發工夫

並列摘要

The purpose of this study is to provide the theoretical basis of character education for children and adolescents by analyzing the methodology of self-cultivation of Sage Learning that Zhuxi presented in Daxuezhangju, which is a comprehensive compilation of neo-Confucianism. Zhuxi thought that every human being is capable of moral thinking and behavior because everyone has the innate ability of the 'Illustrious Virtue (明德)' as the foundation of Sage Learning even though the person is not exposed to any education and experience. The Illustrious Virtue (性體) is the Original Nature which is the essence of Nature (本然之性), and the Original Mind (心體), which is the essence of the Mind (本心). When the Illustrious Virtue is manifested, people are capable of moral thinking and behavior of their own accord without even making a conscious effort. It is because the Illustrious Virtue is complete with mind (心) and nature (性) in unity knowledge (知) and practice (行) in harmony, and the self (己) and others in concord. Zhuxi argued that in order to cultivate oneself (修己), it is necessary to study Motion (動) and Rest (靜) in the state of the Unmanifest Mind and study knowledge (知) and practice (行) in the state of the Manifest Mind; and in order to learn how to govern the people (治人), it is required to study the Essence and Utilities when one applies what one has learned to the outer world. Cultivating oneself before the Mind is manifested pertains to studying Rest of the Mind and studying Motion of the Nature, whereas cultivating oneself after the Mind is manifested pertains to studying Ge Wu Zhi Zhi (格物致知) concerning knowledge (知) and studying Cheng Yi Zheng Xin (誠意正心) concerning practice (行). It is the ideal of Zhuxi's theory of Sage Learning (聖學) he wanted to attain that people achieve moral character by cultivating the Illustrious Virtue and build a moral society by expanding the Illustrious Virtue.