接運韓戰反共義士來臺之研究(1950-1954)

A Study on the Transport of Anti-communist Fighters to Taiwan during the Korean War (1950-1954)

周琇環(Hsiu-Huan Chou)

《國史館館刊》 28期 (2011/06) Pp. 115-154

https://doi.org/10.7058/TAHJ.201106.0115

摘要

1950年10月起，中國人民志願軍進入朝鮮後，與聯軍主要接戰5次，五次戰役下來，聯軍俘獲華籍戰俘約2萬1千餘人。最初他們被收容在釜山收容所，後來遷往巨濟島，分為七二與八六聯隊。此時戰俘營發生反共與親共的爭執，因為約7,000人的親共戰俘屈居下風，聯軍乃將其另外安置於六二聯隊。其餘約14,000人的華籍戰俘是反共的，他們堅決反對遣返至共產黨統治下的中國，以「一顆心回臺灣，一條命滅共匪」的志願，選擇來臺定居，這就是所謂「韓戰反共義士」。後來，受韓戰反共義士影響，陸續投奔來臺有17萬餘人的大陸人士，則沿用其名稱，為後世統稱為「反共義士」。文章所稱「反共義士」乙辭，最早是根據1953年8月6日中國國民黨中央委員會第四組之「宣傳通報第二十七號」規定而來，其後中央即通令所有宣傳單位，統一稱呼。本文引用的史料，檔案方面包括國防部藏《國防部檔案》、國史館、外交部藏《外交部檔案》；當事人的回憶方面，有駐韓前後任大使邵毓麟、王束原的回憶錄、負責組織策反工作的陳建中的紀念集；工作報告方面有負責接運的賴名湯、負責安置的蔣經國等人的報告，全文並參考當時的報章雜誌及今人的研究而完成。此外，本文所關心的問題，如接運義士來臺的經過及如何安置等，是過去研究未曾討論過的。所以文章以一反共義士的由來；二、援助韓戰反共義士運動，包括心戰指導小組的設立、各界援助義士委員會的行動二項；三、接運義士來臺經過與來臺義士人數的問題；四、義士的安置；五、自由日運動與義士來臺的影響等五節，說明接運前中華民國政府派黨工赴戰俘營運作組識反共力量的工作，又運用黨政軍機構號召，結合民問團體，支持援助反共義士運動情形；再者說明接運反共義士來臺的經過，深入探討來臺義士總人數、出身、中華民國官員赴韓接洽接經過、美艦飛機的護衛下反共義士駛向臺灣的運送過程：最後討論義士來臺後所達到的宣傳效果、政府對義士的安置與其來臺對社會人心的影響等。

關鍵字

反共義士 ； 陳建中 ； 蔣經國 ； 各界援助義士委員會 ； 反共義士就業輔導處

並列摘要

Starting in October 1950, Chinese People's Volunteers swarmed into the Korean battlefield to join the fight against the Union Army. After five battles, the total number of Chinese war prisoners was around 21,000. These war prisoners were first put at the Pusan shelter. But they later were moved to the shelter on the island of Oedo and were split into two compounds, the 72(superscript nd) and the 86(superscript th). Due to ideological differences these war prisoners could not get along with each other. Some supported the Communists (the pro-communists) and some against them. About 7000 war prisoners were pro-communists and they were put in the 62(superscript nd) compound. The remaining 14,000 war prisoners were anti-communist. These prisoners firmly refused to be sent back to the Communist China and chose to settle down in Taiwan. Their slogan was ”to return to Taiwan whole-heartedly, and to destroy the communists with all their lives.” These people were the so-called ”Anti-cummunist Fighters of the Korean War.” Their influence was far-reaching because later on there were more than 170,000 mainlanders seeking political refuge in Taiwan. They were the so-called ”Anti-communist Fighters.” The term ”Anti-communist Fighters” was originated from ”the 27(superscript th) propaganda” of the KMT Central Committee, which was published on August 6(superscript th), 1953. The term was formally acknowledged by the central government of Taiwan shortly afterwards and became widely used.The archives referred to in this paper include Archives of National Defense, Archives of Foreign Ministry, documents collected at Academia Historica, memoirs of Shao Yu-lin and Wang Tung-yuan (Taiwan's Ambassadors to Korea) and many other reports and papers written by people in charge of the matter, including Chen Chien-chung, Lai Ming-tang, Chiang Ching-kuo, etc.This paper focuses on the process of transporting the anti-communist fighters back to Taiwan and their placement. This is a point that has never been touched upon before. The following issues are discussed in five sections in this paper: (1) the origination of the term, ”Anti-communist Fighters,” (2) the supports for the anti-communist fighters, including the establishment of the Psychological Warfare and the activities of other supporting committees, (3) the process of transporting anti-communist fighters to Taiwan and the number of the fighters, (4) the relocation of the fighters, (5) the movement of the Freedom Day and the influence of the fighters in Taiwan. In other words, this paper discusses how the government of Taiwan sent her party members to Korea to organize anti-communist workforce before the transportation of the fighters. Furthermore, supports for the fighters came from diverse sources, including the government, the KMT party, the military forces, and civilian organizations. There is a detailed description of the official negotiation of the KMT government in Korea, the process of transport, the number and status of the fighters, the help from the USA, the arrival and relocation of the fighters in Taiwan, and their influence on the public.

並列關鍵字

Anti-communist Fighter ； Chen Chien-chung ； Chiang Ching-kuo ； Supportive Committees ； the Employment Counsel for Anti-communist Fighters

參考文獻

周琇環(2010)。韓戰期間志願遣俘原則之議定。國史館館刊。24

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