清朝科舉制度之探討並與現代文官制度做比較

The Ko-Chu System in the Ch'ing Dynasty and Compare with Modern Civil Service

蔡慧珍(Hui-Chen Tsai) ； 蘇俊斌(Chun-Ping Su)

《中國行政評論》 8卷2期 (1999/03) Pp. 163-180

https://doi.org/10.6635/cpar.1999.8(2).06

摘要

中國傳統文官考試（科舉）制度可說是世界上最古老的功績制。此一考試制度可追溯到隋代。為了保有皇帝的權限，中央政府不想將所有的行政權賦與世襲貴族，因此必需尋找其他人才以接管中央及地方行政之要職。在明朝，此一考試完成了最後的定型，而且在沒有多大改變下，清朝又承襲之，直至本世紀之初。在清朝，士子必須經過多級的考試，特別是在京城通過最後考試之進士，在整個官僚體系中，更是享有許多特權。尤其是許多重要官職則只許進士接任。而另一方面現代文官制度乃是創立於英國，而後又發展到其他國家。本文乃是嘗試描述並分析清朝之科舉制度，並與現代文官制度做一比較。

關鍵字

科舉 ； 清朝 ； 現代文官制度

並列摘要

The China's traditional civil service examination (Ko-Chu) system is the oldest merit system in the world. The examination system can be traced back to the Sui dynasty. In the interest of preserving the emperor's authority, the central government could not leave the whole administration with the hereditary nobility, hence it was found to look elsewhere for able men to take over important functions in the central and local administration. In the Ming dynasty the examination system assumed its final shape, which was taken over without any major change by the Ch'ing Dynasty and preserved to the beginning of this century. In the Ching dynasty, there were several grade of examination for the literate, especially the Shin-Shi who passed the last grade of examination in the capital of the empire enjoyed enormous prestige in the bureaucracy. There were many important official positions only the Shin-Shi could get On the other hand, The modem civil service system was established in the United Kingdom, and expanded to other countries. This article intends to describe and analyze the Ko-Chu system in the Ch'ing dynasty and compare with modem civil service system.

並列關鍵字

Ko-Chu ； the Ch'ing dynasty ； modern civil service system