管理或剝削？家庭外籍看護工雇主的生存之道

Management or Exploitation? The Survival Strategy of Employer of Family Foreign Care Workers

陳正芬(Chen-Fen Chen)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 85期 (2011/12) Pp. 89-155

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.201112.0004

摘要

本文檢視「家庭外籍看護工」聘僱政策與相關規範，並探討雇主在此政策下聘僱與管理外籍看護工的犯罪行為，並分析為何被視為邊陲與補充勞動力的外籍看護工為何會逐步成為民眾選擇長期照顧服務的唯一選項。本研究發現，家庭外籍看護工的聘僱與管理在台灣社會已建構為一無被害人的犯罪型態，被害人並非不存在，而是雇主透過合理化的方式策略否認被害人的存在，被害人也被政策法規、雇主及仲介公司制約下被迫放棄對外求援或申訴的機會。而原本被賦予「外人照顧」污名的外籍看護工，則在擔任照顧者的成年子女，以及被照顧的失能老人強烈排除需遠離家庭場域與親人的機構式服務的情感驅使，以及受限於居家服務的時段與被排除於服務對象之外的困境之下，致使外籍看護工成為照顧者與被照顧者雙方在照顧責任與需求滿足之間取得平衡的唯一選項，脫胎換骨成為符合我國孝道傳統的在地老化服務模式。若欲修正政策規劃與執行的高度落差，唯有透過本國籍照顧服務員與外籍看護工的銜接與配合，以及需求評估與照顧計畫的連結，建構民眾認識各項長期服務的社會學習管道；也唯有當外籍看護工違法聘僱與違法運用的事實被社會大眾皆確認是壓迫行為，且將外籍看護工的聘僱與管理確實整併進入長期照顧體系，讓外籍看護工的勞動條件在長期照顧服務監督機制的制衡下獲得保障，才有可能讓雇主與外籍看護工之間的關係，不再是支配與剝削的衝突對象，而可能透過其他服務模式的引進，有機會發展為互賴與互信的結盟關係，亦讓被照顧者得以透過制度獲致照顧品質的保障。

關鍵字

家庭外籍看護工 ； 長期照顧 ； 無被害人犯罪

並列摘要

This paper examines the policies and regulations for employing and managing foreign domestic care workers, the illegal means for hiring and abuse of foreign care workers, and the belief that hiring foreigners for long-term domestic care is the only option. This purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the victimless crime concept applies to this sector of long-term care in Taiwan. Society generally disregards the policies set for this industry and views the employment of foreign care workers as a victimless crime, when in actuality both the employers themselves and the foreign employees are harmed in the process. Another problem stemming from this false view is the lack of enforcement of the laws that regulate the hiring, management and treatment of foreign care workers. Important to understanding the situation involves looking at how the employment of foreign domestic care workers increased. In the past, the general attitude of Taiwanese families was in favor of family members being responsible for long-term care. In addition, the idea of hiring a foreigner for providing domestic care was unacceptable to most. However, due to the unavailability and inaccessibility of home care services, the fear of using institutional care services, and the effect that social learning has had on making known the benefits of hiring foreign care workers, what was the stigma of ”stranger care” has now become a privilege. Addressing this problem involves shortening the gap between policy design and implementation. This includes removing the ”boundary” that exists between Taiwanese- and foreigner-provided domestic long-term care by incorporating the supervision of foreign care workers into the quality control mechanism present in the long-term care system, which currently oversees only Taiwanese care workers. Other components include increasing awareness and promoting recognition of what constitutes abuse and illegal treatment of domestic care workers, as well as making better known publicly the variety of home care services available. Employing this framework benefits the care recipient by providing higher-quality care, while guaranteeing better working conditions for and humane treatment of foreign domestic care workers.

並列關鍵字

foreign care workers ； long-term care ； crimes without victims

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