施用十種肥料對土壤酸鹼度及南方根瘤線蟲侵入和發育之影響

The Effect of Ten Fertilizers on the Soil pH and the Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne incognita

邱建忠(C. C. Chiu) ； 蔡東纂(T. T. Tsay) ； 陳佩臻(P. Chen)

《植物病理學會刊》 21卷1期 (2012/03) Pp. 21-27

https://doi.org/10.6649/PPB.201203_21(1).0003

摘要

本研究探討施用不同濃度之十種肥料對土壤酸鹼度及南方根瘤線蟲（Meloidogyne incognita）侵入感染蕹菜、根瘤發育之影響。供試土壤的原本pH值為8.03，鈣肥（calcium carbonate）四種濃度施用之後皆使土壤的pH值上升，氮肥（urea）則是施用0.5%、1%及10%時pH值上升：其餘的八種肥料施用四種濃度皆會使土壤的pH值下降。實驗結果顯示，土中無寄主的狀態下，將十種供試肥料施用於含根瘤二齡幼蟲的土中一星期後，可以成功降低土中線蟲族群，寄主植物在三個月後觀察，其根系健康、無結瘤情形。但施用10%肥料的處理中，僅有施用鈣肥及魚渣的處理植物存活下來，而施用高於0.1%氮肥尿素的植物也都全數死亡。若是在移植寄主的同時接種線蟲及施用肥料，一個月後觀察處理植株根系結瘤情形，在施用0.1%濃度下，只有尿素可以顯著降低蔬菜根系結瘤數目；施用0.5%化學肥料得氯化鉀、硫酸鎂，有機肥料的油菜粕集魚渣；1%的油菜粕及10%的磷酸鈣及篦麻粕亦可顯著降低蕹菜根瘤數。持續觀察同時施肥及接種線蟲的試驗至第三個月，發現僅剩施用0.5%的篦麻粕及油菜粕處理，其蕹菜根系結瘤數比對照組有顯著較少。若在土中先施肥，一週後才移植蕹菜，在隔一週接種線蟲：此種處理方式後一個月觀察蕹菜根系結瘤情形，發現多數肥料處理均可顯著降低根系結瘤數量，除了氯化鉀，因植株在高濃度處理組已死亡；但三個月後，許多處理組植株皆死亡，也僅剩0.5%黃豆粕及1%篦麻粕處理仍呈現結瘤數較對照組少的情形，許多植株未死亡處理組的結瘤數，在0.1%及0.5%濃度下反而顯著高於對照組。肥料溶解後形成高張溶液。因滲透壓對線蟲造成傷害的機制可能成為組織的不可逆脫水反應，加上肥料分解可能產生分解熱，都可能造成線蟲死亡，故推薦在土中已感染線蟲的情形下，以基肥方式將肥料拌入病土中，應能抑制土壤南方根瘤線蟲之族群量。

關鍵字

化學肥料 ； 結瘤數目 ； 蕹菜 ； 南方根瘤線蟲 ； 有機肥料

並列摘要

The fertilizers at four different concentrations were added into soils, and the pH value of the soils and the galling numbers of the water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) hosts were monitored. The tested soil was pH 8.03, but when calcium carbonate and 0.5%, 1% or 10% urea was added, the soil pH was increased. However, other 8 fertilizers lowered the soil pH value when added at different concentrations. When the tested fertilizers were mixed inot the soil inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita J2 and incubated for I wk, the population of M. incognita was suppressed and the transplanted water spinach did not develop any galls on the roots. But only the 10% calcium carbonate and fish meal treatments had hosts suvived. All plants died in the other 10% treatments along with 0.5 and 1% urea treatments. If the fertilizers were applied upon the transplanting of the hosts; 0.1% urea, 0.5% potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, rapeseed meal, fish meal; and 1% rapeseed meal, 10% calcium superphosphate or castor pomace treatment decreased the galling number on the water spinach one month later. But only 0.5% castor pomace and rapeseed meal treatments had the effect lasted for 3 months. If the fertilizers were in the soil for one week before the water spinach transplanting, and another week for M. incognita inoculation, most treatments significantly decreased the galling number when observed at the end of first month. But most plants did not survived in these treatments after 3 months, only the treatment with 0.5% soybean meal or 1% castor pomace still had significantly lower gall number than the check. In treatments with living water spinach, many had significantly higher galling number than the check. When the fertilizers dissolved in the water, it would create high osmosis environment in the soil. The degradation reaction could also release heat that may kill the nematodes. We concluded that when the nematodes were present as first inoculum in the soil, application of fertilizers could lower the population of M. incognita effectively.

並列關鍵字

chemical fertilizers ； galling number ； Ipomoea reptans ； Meloidogyne incognita ； organic fertilizer