盧梭的自然主義體育思想－以“愛彌兒”為分析中心

Naturalism P.E. Thought of J.J. Rousseau-The Analysis of "Emile" As a Study Center

曾瑞成(Juei-Cherng Tseng)

《體育學報》 22期 (1997/01) Pp. 1-12

https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.0022.199701.3401

摘要

本文的研究目的在探討盧梭自然主義體育思想的時代背景、淵源、內涵、內涵及其影響，最後並提出結論。全文採用歷史研究法，從事蒐集史料、文獻之分析等工作，並輔以歷史哲學思辨、批判的方法，探討其深層教涵意。
盧梭自然主義體育思想的主要理念如下：㈠體育是教育的一環，教育的目在培養身心健全的自然人，而體育則對兒童的德、智、體、群、美育的發展有一定的貢獻。㈡體育的課程内容包含水上運動、競技運動、野外活動、遊戲及健康知識等。㈢體育的方法按照兒童生理與心理的發展可分別為：自我保護、鍛鍊、自由運動、感官訓練、技能訓練和衛生保健等六項，並以行動鍛鍊的方式來進行。㈣以生理和心理的發展為基礎，實施分期的體育鍛鍊。㈤以全民為施教對象，並特別著重兒童和青少年時期的體育實施。
至於盧梭的自然主義體育思想對後世的影響則有以下各點：㈠注重兒童的好奇心和自發的學習動機與興趣，是啓發式教學法和興趣教學法的根源。㈡提倡行動鍛鍊是促進身體健康的重要方法，至今仍為不移之眞理。㈢奠定體育在學校教育中的重要地位。㈣巴塞斗的創辦博愛學校，實施自然主義的體育教學。㈤成為現代體育思想的淵源之一。㈥主張教育的重心在兒童本身，於是兒童的身體健康與遊戲等，從此更為教育家所重視。

關鍵字

盧梭 ； 自然主義 ； 體育思想

並列摘要

The purpose of this article is to investigate the historical background, sources, contents and its influence of Rousseau's Naturalism P. E. thought and a conclusion is made at the end. In order to carry out a futher research, ”Historical Research Method” is applied to collecting historical data and analyzing literature information and is simultaneously aided by the methods of thinking and criticism.
The major concepts of Rousseau's Naturalism P. E. thought are as follows:
1.P.E. is a chain of education, whose goal is to educate natural men to be healthy both in mind and body. Thus PE gives a contribution to the development of moral, intelligence, athleticism, civic and art among the children.
2.The courses in P. E. include Aquatic sports, Atheletics, outside activities, games and health informations, etc.
3.According to physiological and psychological development of children P. E. methods are distinguished to six items: self-protection, physical exercise, free activities, sensation training, skill training and health caring. All of these are proceeded with the exercising ways in action.
4.On the basis of physiological and psychological development, physical exercise is periodically executed.
5.The aim of P. E. is all human beings, especially children and adolescents.
The influence of Rousseau's Natrualism P. E. though is as follows:
1.Emphasis is placed on children's cruiosity and autonomy in learning and the teaching methods of discovery and interest are initiated.
2.Recommend phyical exercise in action as a vital method to maintain health inbody. It is an unmovable truth till now.
3. Keep P. E. standing in an important educational position.
4.Influence J. Basedow's Philanthropinum where naturalistic P. E. teaching is executed.
5.It is one of origins of modern P. E. thought.
6.Believe that children themselves are educational center. Thus from then on games and health to children are more cherished by educators.

並列關鍵字

Rousseau ； naturalism ； physical education thought