尖峰都市在地理空間發展上的體現：台灣22縣市個案與理論意義

The Embodiment of Spiky City in Geographical Development: The Theoretical Meaning of 22 Counties/Cities of Taiwan

林漢良(Han-Liang Lin) ； 古淑薰(Shu-Shiun Ku) ； 趙子元(Tzu-Yuan Chao) ； 洪于婷(Yu-Ting Hung) ； 林思玲(Szu-Ling Lin) ； 陳坤宏(Kung-Hung Chen)

《中國地理學會會刊》 64期 (2019/12) Pp. 1-32

https://doi.org/10.29972/BGSC.201912_(64).0001

摘要

「創意階級崛起」的首創者Richard Florida否定「世界是平的」此一主張，在他的2009年「Who's Your City？」一書中，提出所謂「尖峰都市」觀念，主張：縱使全球化趨勢下，在人口數、科技創新能量、專利、頂尖科學家、工程師以及創意活動的群聚結果，塑造了超級區域，終於形成「尖峰」與「低谷」兩個世界。Florida此一新觀點提供了啟示：在台灣，尖峰都市在地理空間發展上的體現會是如何？以及它們又呈現出那些理論意義？此乃成為本文的動機所在。尖峰都市的形成是與文化創意城市密切關連。創意城市已成為當今新的都市理論之一，許多成功案例，不但驗證了文化創意產業締造全球化時代新經濟的論點，同時讓文創園區或藝術聚落政策得以促進都會區都市再生的理論獲得證實，這乃成為最近十年來許多國家大都市相繼採用的都市理論。全球化潮流下，文化創意產業已成為各先進國家提升經濟產值以及復甦都市再生的重要策略。但若至都市層級，C. Landry（2000）則建議應該進一步評估如何將文化資產轉化成經濟優勢，此一建議值得都市計劃、地理、經濟等部門去努力實踐的。同樣的，Richard Florida（2005）也認為，雖然創意經濟可以產生創新、高生產力、創造財富、就業機會，但是卻產生了諸多社會問題，例如仕紳化、貧富不均、地理不均等發展的後果。面對上述Landry與Florida的建議與擔憂，A. C. Pratt（2011）提出批評加以呼應，認為創意城市論述已成為新自由主義的延伸，創意與文化支撐了 新自由主義的價值與發展。就以Florida（2002, 2005）自己所發現的創意城市所衍生的區域發展不均衡與社會不公平問題顯示：美國的創意城市前二名的奧斯丁與舊金山，恰是收入不平等最高的地區，創意城市造成房價飆漲，紐約與波士頓迫使藝術家搬離社區，惡化了貧富差距。本文的理論假設：台灣的尖峰都市的形成因素有三項：1.人口數、家庭所得收入、地方稅收，2.就業者教育程度、專利（Patents）、區域科技創新力（Innovation），以及3.創意活動（Creative activity）。研究方法是文獻回顧、統計資料分析。統計資料來源是以105年度為基準。研究發現主要包括：一、透過本文主張的三項形成因素（亦即指標），建構台灣22縣市的尖峰都市的雛型。二、藉由尖峰都市在台灣地理空間發展上的體現結果，進一步解讀其理論意義及其都市幸福感。

關鍵字

尖峰都市 ； 創意城市 ； 科技創新能量 ； 創意活動 ； 台灣

並列摘要

Richard Florida, the founder of ＂The Rise of the Creative Class,＂ denies that ＂the world is flat.＂ In his 2009 book ＂Who's Your City?＂, he put forward the concept of ＂spiky city＂ and advocated: even globalization the result of the clustering of population, technological innovation, patents, top scientists, engineers, and creative activities has shaped the mega region and finally formed the ＂spiky＂ and ＂low valley＂ world. This new perspective from Florida provides insights: In Taiwan, what is the embodiment of the spiky city in geospatial development? And what are the theoretical implications of them? This is the motivation for this article. The formation of the spiky city is closely related to the cultural and creative city. The creative city has become one of the new urban theories. Many successful cases have not only verified the argument that the cultural and creative industries have created a new economy in the era of globalization, but also confirmed the theory that the culture-creative park or the art settlement policy can promote urban regeneration in the metropolitan area. This is the urban theory adopted by many metropolises in many countries in the last decade. Under the trend of globalization, the cultural and creative industries have become an important strategy for improving the economic output value and revitalizing urban regeneration in advanced countries. But if it is to the urban level, C. Landry (2000) suggests that it should be further evaluated how to transform cultural assets into economic advantages. This proposal is worthy of hard work in urban planning, geography, and economics. Similarly, Richard Florida (2005) also believes that although the creative economy can generate innovation, high productivity, wealth creation, and employment opportunities, it has produced many social problems, such as the consequences of the development of gentrification, inequality, and geographical inequality. Faced with the above suggestions and concerns of Landry and Florida, A. C. Pratt (2011) put forward criticism and echoed that the creative city discourse has become an extension of neoliberalism, and creativity and culture underpin the value and development of neoliberalism. The regional development inequality and social injustices derived from the creative cities discovered by Florida (2002, 2005) show that the top two creative cities in the United States, Austin and San Francisco, are the regions with the highest income inequality. Cities have caused soaring housing prices, and New York and Boston have forced artists to move out of the community, worsening the gap between rich and poor. The theoretical hypothesis of this paper is that there are three factors in the formation of Taiwan's spiky cities: 1. population, household income, local taxation, 2. educational degree, patents, regional innovation, and 3. creative activity. The research methods are literature review and statistical analysis. The source of the statistics is based on the 105th year. The main outcomes of this paper are as follows: 1. Constructing the prototypes of the spiky cities in 22 counties and cities in Taiwan through the three forming factors (also indicators) advocated in this paper. 2. By the spiky city in Taiwan's geospatial space, depict their theoretical significance and degree of happiness of city/county.

並列關鍵字

Spiky city ； Creative city ； Innovation ； Creative activity ； Taiwan

參考文獻

Florida, R. (2005) Cities and the Creative Class, New York: Routledge.

Florida, R. (2007) The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent, New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

Florida, R. (2009) Who’s Your City﹖How The Creative Economy is Making Where to Live The Most Important Decision of Your Life, New York: Basic Books.

Florida, R. (2017) The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class and What We Can Do About It, New York: Basic Books.

Freeman, C. (1987) Technology and economic performance: lessons from Japan, London: Pinter Publishers.