Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the immune system plays a critical role in recognizing, eliminating transformed malignant cells and also in promoting tumor progression. The role of the immune system to suppress and promote cancer growth is termed "cancer immunoediting" and consists of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The success of immune checkpoint blockade and understanding of cell-mediated immunity represents a turning point in cancer immunotherapy. The clinical goal of cancer immunotherapy is to provide either passive or active immunity against malignancies by harnessing the immune system to target tumors. Recently, monoclonal antibodies, cellular immunotherapy, vaccines, immune checkpoint therapy, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy have increasingly become successful therapeutic agents for the treatment of solid and hematological cancers in clinical practice.
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