清代官方對民間秘密宗教醫療傳教活動的審理－以乾嘉道時期為例

清代民間秘密宗教盛行於底層社會，教內師父經常以治病為傳教手段，藉此吸引平民百姓拜師入教。教派內運用的醫療方法頗多，諸如針灸按摩之類的中醫術，以及茶葉治病、誦念經卷、畫符念咒、燒香祈禱、坐功運氣等療法。大體而言，秘密宗教師父為人治病過程較為簡易，但仍時見療效，因患者透過宗教儀式，可獲得身心平衡，有益病情改善。總之，秘密宗教的醫療活動可為平民百姓提供一條求醫稱便、療程簡易、費用省簡、尚具療效的治病途徑，促使其願意嘗試求醫、進而拜師習教，對教派擴展頗具影響。然而，清廷為了維護善良風俗與鞏固政權的目的，對秘密宗教採取禁止、打壓措施。在官方眼中，秘密宗教的醫療活動即是蠱惑人心的不法邪術，大肆批評並強力取締，以嚴法懲辦。官方查辦教案、審擬教內人士罪刑時，較少從他們的醫療過失情形量刑，而主要就其傳教活動部份，依《大清律例》擬罪，其刑責有日漸嚴厲趨勢。官方針對治病師父的擬罪原則，係視其教內主從身份與教派性質而論，罪重者處以絞刑或是凌遲處死，罪輕者則受到發邊地為奴、充軍或杖責處分。至於官方對患者的擬罪則相對較為寬容，多以至邊地充當奴隸或軍人，或是杖責為主。由於官方嚴加查辦教案，並以重刑定罪，對教派發展產生相當抑制作用。

關鍵字

民間秘密宗教；醫療傳教；教案審理；清代律例

並列摘要

The development of folk secret religious sects flourished in Ch'ing period. The sects were widely prevalent among the lower strata society. According to the record of official files, many masters of the sects preached their sects by means of medicine, because it was easier to attract common people to join their religious activities. The medical methods of the sects included Chinese medical science (such as massage, acupuncture), treatment by tea leaves, reciting scripture and incantation, drawing charms, drinking charm water, burning joss sticks, meditation, circulation of breath, etc. Although the course of the treatment looked easily, it seemed to take curative effect. When the patients followed the process of religious rite, they could get physical and mental balance. In short, the medical activities of the sects offered the convenient, cheap and effective medical treatment to common people, attracted them to join the sect. The method of preachment by medicine could make effect for the development of the sects. However, the Ch'ing government restrained the existence of the sects in order to maintain good custom and strengthen political power. Therefore, they regarded the medical activities of the sects as evil ways, and sentenced the sects severely. The officials drew severer punishment according to the laws to the people of the sects. The officials condemned sentence to the masters of the sects depending on their status of sects and the character of sects. The punishment of the masters included death by hanging or executing cruelly, to be slaves and soldiers in the frontier, and sticking their body. The officials treated the patients of the sects more lenient than masters, and mainly drew their sentence to be slaves and soldiers in the frontier, and sticking their body. For the Ch’ing government investigated the sects positively, and condemned sever sentence, the development of the sects was greatly oppressed.