籃球規則得利與不得利原則之探析

Analysis of the Principles of Advantage/Disadvantage in Basketball Rules

伍銳威(Yui-Wai Ng) ； 陳五洲(Wu-Chou Chen)

《大專體育》 149期 (2019/06) Pp. 9-17

https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.201906_149.0002

摘要

為使比賽更具觀賞性，許多運動項目都進行規則的修訂。如排球與羽球將「得權得分制」改為「落地得分制」、桌球將球的直徑增大、籃球比賽縮短進攻時間等，都是為了使比賽更精彩、更能吸引觀眾。籃球比賽中的身體接觸極為頻繁，錙銖必較的執法，使比賽時而中斷精彩度大減；過於寬鬆的執法則讓比賽難以管理，甚至導致暴力事件，過與不及都對比賽造成影響。本文之目的在介紹籃球規則中得利／不得利原則，並透過相關文獻闡述其發展過程、精神涵義與執行重點。籃球裁判執法的「金科玉律」是比賽中「流暢」與「控管」的平衡，使比賽能公平、順利地完成。國際籃球總會技術委員會主席Fred Horgan說：「每一場籃球比賽都有數百個身體接觸，但只有數十個會被宣判為犯規」。從塔氏哲學、進攻威脅性發展到節奏（rhythm）、速度（speed）、平衡（balance）和敏捷（quickness）（簡稱RSBQ），得利／不得利均基於一個原則：身體接觸不一定是犯規，當造成接觸的球員因而「得利」，或被接觸的球員處於「不利」時，這就是犯規。本文結語如下：運動競賽已發展成一種「表演」，其焦點是球員的技術和運動能力的展現，裁判應盡力保持比賽的流暢性，良好的運用得利／不得利原則，使比賽能在公平、順利的情況下完成。

關鍵字

塔氏哲學 ； 進攻威脅性 ； RSBQ

並列摘要

Many sports have revised their rules in order to make competitive matches more exciting and attractive to spectators. Examples include volleyball and badminton discontinuing ＂side-out scoring＂ in favor of ＂rally scoring;＂ table tennis increasing the diameter of the ball; and basketball shortening the shot clock time. The extreme frequency of physical contact in basketball games raises similar issues. Strict enforcement of rules against such contact might interrupt the game too frequently; however, loose officiating might make the game difficult to manage, or even lead to conflicts. Choosing either approach would have a distinctive impact on the game. The purpose of this article is to introduce the principle of advantage/disadvantage in basketball rules, and to explain its development process, spirit and intent and implementation priorities through relevant literature. The ＂golden rule＂ of basketball officiating is the need to find a balance between ＂game flow＂ and ＂game control,＂ so that the game can be completed fairly and smoothly. Horgan, chairman of the Technical Committee of International Basketball Federation, has stated: every basketball game has hundreds of instances of physical contact, but only a few dozen of those will be called a foul. From the development of the Tower Philosophy, offensive threat to rhythm, speed, balance, quickness (RSBQ), the standard of advantage/disadvantage is based on the principle that physical contact should not necessarily always be considered a foul. Rather, a foul should be called when a player who makes contact obtains an ＂advantage＂ or a player being contacted is placed in ＂disadvantage.＂ The conclusion of this article is as follows: competitive sports have developed into a kind of ＂performance＂ that emphasizes the players' skills and athletic ability. The referee should try to maintain the smoothness of the game and use the principle of advantage/disadvantage. This will permit the game to be completed fairly and smoothly.

並列關鍵字

Tower Philosophy ； offensive threat ； RSBQ

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