雙關分類及其辨析

一語同時關顧到兩種事物或兼含兩種意義的修辭方法，是為「雙關」。它之所以稱為「雙」關，乃指「同時」關顧或兼指「兩種」事物或意義。此處所言之「同時」，是指在該一語言情境之下兼有兩種意義；若只有一種意義，或有三種以上意義，則不屬「雙關」。雙關的媒介，有字音的諧聲、詞義的兼指和語義的暗示，依此可分為諧音雙關、詞義雙關和句義雙關三類。本文依據上述認知，參考兩岸有關之修辭學著作，加以辨析，得出下列結論：（一）諧音雙關：諧音雙關的表現方式，主要是以字面作為媒介，言外之義才是作者真正要表達的意思。但有兩種例外，一為摹聲詞，一為諧音仿詞，作者必須將主要意義寫在字面上，否則讀者無法了解它是雙關。諧音雙關除了要諧音，還要兼含兩種意義，並非所有諧音例子都是雙關，所以，它有別於「諧音仿詞」、「語音飛白」、「諧音別解」。（二）詞義雙關：詞義雙關必須同一字詞兼含兩種意義，所以有別於「詞義飛白」、「詞義別解」。（三）句義雙關：句義雙關必須同時兼具表裡兩種意義，所以有別於「借喻」、「象徵」。

關鍵字

諧音雙關；詞義雙關；句義雙關；飛白；仿詞；別解；借喻；象徵

並列摘要

When a term can simultaneously be used to refer to two things or two meanings, we call it, ‘Pun.’ In this study, the pun specifically means that a term is used to refer to two meanings. The media of the pun involve euphony pun, word pun, and sentence pun. By analyzing the three media, the present study has the following three conclusions: First, euphony pun displays itself through the word, but its meanings behind the word are those the author intends to convey. Yet, there are two exceptions. They are onomatopoeia and euphony parody. When the author uses these two skills to express his/her meanings, he/she needs to write the word that exactly expresses the meaning he/she wants; otherwise, the reader won’t be able to acquire the meanings. Also, euphony pun specifically means euphony with two meanings because not all of the euphonies involve pun. Thus, the euphony pun is seen differently from euphony parody, euphony mimesis, and euphony twist in this study. Second, word pun refers to a word that has to include two meanings. It is also different from word mimesis and twist. Third, sentence pun means one sentence that includes two meanings. It is seen differently from metaphor and symbol.