社會形塑少年暴力犯爲危險他者之運作機制：「代罪羔羊」形象的社會建構

Social Formation of Juvenile Violent Offenders' Image as Dangerous Other

許華孚(Hua-Fu Hsu)

《犯罪與刑事司法研究》 12期 (2009/03) Pp. 145-207

https://doi.org/10.29861/CCJI.200903.0005

摘要

犯罪係飽受關切的眾多社會問題之一，其中，少年暴力犯罪更引起各方側目。然而，若深入比較少年暴力犯罪與其他犯罪類型，可發現少年犯罪於整體犯罪問題中所佔之比例，與其受到民眾所認知之威脅程度，實際上儼然產生明顯落差。換言之，少年暴力犯罪已被嚴重凸顯，成爲治安敗壞的眾矢之的。此種將犯罪少年視爲治安敗壞之「代罪羔羊」(scapegoat)的意識形態，透過各種社會機制的運作，於犯罪少年身上形塑出一種「危險他者」(dangerous other)意象，並主張對於這些「危險他者」，社會應主動加以控制或排除。惟此種社會排除機制的形成，對於少年暴力犯罪問題的處理，究竟是得以有效解決之，抑或反而成爲助長少年暴力犯罪問題嚴重化的趨力之一，實值得深入探究。
本研究乃以一社會學的分析，試圖探討社會危險他者之意象是以哪些機制被形塑，又是透過哪些管道而建構於少年暴力犯之上。同時，這種社會危險他者意象一方面帶給社會大眾強烈威脅與被害恐懼，另一方面又如何啟動社會排除機制。藉由分析晚近現代社會之特徵如何形塑社會排除的機制與型態以及危險他者意象如何被建構，使少年暴力犯成爲治安敗壞的代罪羔羊，同時具體呈現社會行動者，包括法學與犯罪學者、大眾傳播媒體工作者、刑事司法實務工作者等，對少年暴力犯罪者的反應與評價。這個研究課題係經由一個統整的知識系統架構來分析社會對少年暴力犯罪的負面反應與效果，以期對於政府針對少年暴力犯罪預防所設定之政策與社會之改革，提供重要而有效的參考。

關鍵字

少年暴力犯 ； 現代性 ； 道德恐慌 ； 危險他者 ； 社會排除

並列摘要

Dangerous male youth has long been emblematic of wider social concerns and anxieties. From the beginnings of governmental projects, a modernist discourse about crime is connected to dangerous populations which is inseparable from a concern with the mixture of young man, disorder and the city. In particular, it has been in a series of high-profile and controversial political debates about crime, criminal justice and the politics of 'law and order' that male youth has assumed a central, iconic significance.
An administrative criminology of 'the other' characterizing offenders as the threatening dangerous outcast, the fearsome stranger, and the excluded is increasingly crystallized. Juvenile offenders have become a 'suitable enemy' and 'dangerous other', both as a symbol of and target for all social anxieties and thus legitimating the drift toward the penal management. Bauman (2000) observes that there is a tendency to maintain order by resort to a paradigm of exclusion. A popular demand for 'law and order' forges the disciplinarians of the state, and is coupled with the media and the popular press. Hall et al. (1978) argues that during a recession, crime implies a symptom of the crisis, amongst the authorities and in popular imagination. The link between the two is often secures through a moral panic, which serves to recast the crisis in terms of law and order. This reveals an ideology of exclusion in which the disparity between rich and poor, divisions between property-owning classes and those social groups who are deemed a threat to property, tend to forge a fortified, segregated society. The ideology of exclusion is also extended to blame the unwelcome and marginalized for the factors of labor market dissatisfaction and economic recession.
In addition, it is argued that the popular imaged about crime are 'popular' only in so far as they are consequences of information provided by official sources with a vested interest in crime control, and by media sources with a vested interest in maintaining news value. There is a deviancy amplification spiral set in explanation of negative interaction between juvenile offenders and social response. The media's distortion and official discourse shaping juvenile offenders as 'dangerous other' results in an amplification of juvenile deviance both in perceived and real terms. Youths begin to identify with the label attached to them and thus believed themselves to be more deviant and separate from the rest of society. Under these circumstances, the hegemonic masculinity is reinforced to resist this negative label in order to avoid the devastating psychological effects of internalizing and converting social rejection into self-rejection.
It hopes to provide explicit perspectives and interpretations for the field of governmental policies and the public regarding juvenile crime issue.

並列關鍵字

juvenile violent offender ； modernity ； moral panic ； dangerous other ； social exclusion