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日常飲食、節日聚餐與祭祖供品:印尼峇里島華人的家鄉、跨文化飲食與認同

Food for the Ancestors and Food for Us: Origins, Transcultural Ingredients and Identity in Balinese Chinese Cuisine in Indonesia

摘要


本文嘗試探討印尼峇里島華人移民社會的特性與特色,如何具體再現在食物的現象之上。島上的華人各來自不同原鄉和方言群,如福建、廣東、海南與客家,以及近年自臺灣而來的商業與婚姻移民。華人在峇里島的日常飲食融合了大量跨文化食材與香料來烹調家中的日常飲食與重要的節日食物,我們將之與傳統中國節日的祖先祭祀供品呈現上作一比較,並嘗試分析此一飲食現象的意義。祭祖的供品與節日中分享共餐的食物,由於既具有傳統供品之內容,還會加入與祖源相關的菜餚,因此在與日常飲食相互比較後,呈現出一種食物歷史與家族背景及文化認同之間,相互銜接的豐富意義。2010年,陳志明在有關泉州印尼峇里島華人歸僑移民社群飲食的探討中,提到移民與食物之間的關係裡,具有一種「家鄉」的想像在其中,在此同時,移民後的文化會重新扎根,並在新的環境背景下,再銘刻於新的時間與空間脈絡之中。在峇里島華人社會中,是否也存在這樣的移民文化的再銘刻過程?在此,峇里島當地特殊的時空背景,包括有印尼國族意識與文化的同化力量,以及1960年中期之後華校關閉與華人接受國家教育中的教化融合,同鄉社團與其他華人組織被禁,因此,家庭成為華人味覺與認同最直接且唯一的場域。然而,經歷30年的禁制之後,在1998年開放政策下,這一場域是否仍然存在著「家鄉」與「認同」的意義?

並列摘要


In this article, I give a preliminary picture of Chinese culinary presentation in Bali. There are several different dialect groups among Balinese Chinese, including Minnan, Cantonese, Hakka and Hainanese, plus recent migrants from Taiwan who have come on business or because of inter-marriage. There seems to be some important indexal foods served as offerings during ancestral worship and the communal feasts in Chinese traditional festivals such as the Chinese New Year (Imlek), the fifteen day of the first month (Cap Go Meh), the Dragon Boat Festival (Bazang), and so on. In Balinese Chinese families I have visited, offerings are still a strong mechanism for the continuity of family identity and memories of their ancestral origins. But there are also elements assimilated from the local culture in the ritual representation for the ancestors. How can we understand this co-existence of trans-cultural elements? I present here a complex story through ethnographic data on the family migration history, local adaptation, inter-marriage, and the practice of the ancestral cult. Finally, I compare the role of the idea of homeland and the notion of identity.

參考文獻


中國評論新聞網,2009,〈印尼首都:粽葉依然香 傳統歷史多淡忘〉:http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1009/8/1/4/100981428.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100981428
Barth, Fredrik(1993).Balinese World.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Carstens, Sharon A.(2005).Histories, Cultures, Identities: Studies in Malaysian Chinese Worlds.Singapore:National University of Singapore Press.
Cheung, Sidney C.H.(edited),Tan, Chee-Beng(edited)(2007).Food and Foodways in Asia: Resource, Tradition Food and Foodways in Asia: Resource, Tradition.London:Routledge.

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