古希臘倫理思想的特色－評包利民《生命與邏各斯－希臘倫理思想史論》一書

什麼是古希臘倫理學思想？包利民教授在其最近出版的著作中，《生命與羅各斯》，對此問題展開—歷史性的詮釋。本文將以包教授在其書中的論述爲基礎，對古希臘倫理學思想做一具批判性的探討。就我而言，古希臘倫理學有三個主要的特色，德性、幸福及生命爲一整體。文中將對不同的哲學家及詩人如何看待這些元素做一討論。本文各節所關注的議題如下：第一、古希臘倫理學思想是否有一嚴謹的結構？它與當代的倫理學思想的差別爲何？第二、荷馬何以強調英雄主義？荷馬的英雄會產生什麼倫理問題？及他是否有解決問題的方案？第三、在城邦政治中，個人與城邦之間的關係爲何？柏拉圖，身爲一位偉大的政治哲學及倫理學家，如何處理這個問題？最後，亞里斯多德如何看待德性與幸福之間的關係？他何以堅持中庸之道要由具有實踐理性的人來決定？

關鍵字

結構；德性；幸福；生命為一整體；性格

並列摘要

What is ancient Greek ethics' In his recently published book, Shenming Yu Luogesi, Prof. Bao sets out to give an account of the history of ancient Greek ethical thought This paper, based on some of Prof Bao's assertions in the book, attempts to critically explore some of the characteristics in ancient Greek ethics. The three main characteristics, in my point of view, in the ancient Greek ethics are virtue, happiness, and life as a whole. I shall in this paper focus my discussion on these notions in different philosophers and poets. This paper has put its emphasis on the following topics: firstly, is there a systematic structure in ancient Greek ethical thought? It is easy to see that structure featuring in the modern moral theories, whereas it might not be the case for the Greek ethics. Secondly, why is Homer particularly interested in the heroism? What kind of moral problems will arise from his heroes? Does Homer himself offer any answer to them? Thirdly, in the age of politics of polis what would be the relation between the citizens and the state? How does Plato, as an ingenious political and moral philosopher, deal with this problem? And why does Plato think that living in a society will bring benefits to men? Fourthly, What is the relation between virtue and happiness in Aristotle's thought? Why does Aristotle insist the fact that the mean has to be decided by the man of practical wisdom?