人間佛教之生態復育倫理學觀點

The Ethical Issues of EcologicalRestoration in Humanistic Buddhism

程進發(Chin-Fa Cheng)

《玄奘佛學研究》 12期 (2009/09) Pp. 117-154

https://doi.org/10.29955/HCJBS.200909.0005

摘要

近年來生態復育已經累積出諸多成功的案例，並且成為「生態復育學」一學門；從環境倫理學角度為進路的研究漸愈受到重視，事實上，整個生態復育的理論與實踐涉及了許多的倫理爭議。本文嘗試提出人間佛教對於生態復育倫理的觀點，並說明生態復育是人間佛教實踐環境關懷的一個新議題。何謂生態復育？它又涉及了那些倫理議題，本文首先論述自然價值論者羅斯頓與生態女性主義者的觀點。羅斯頓認為復育是一種揭示自然價值的方法，復育也是一種償還，它可以強化人類對自然的認同，當我們做更多的研究與復育，也就會更加重視生物共同體，甚至我們也會更加謹慎關心我們與自然系統之間的和諧，羅斯頓認為這種認同的意義與和諧不是虛假的，生態復育不是偽造自然，它甚至是保護自然價值之最重要「律令」。生態女性主義者的復育觀點，主要針對生態復育理論以及實踐過程中所產生的概念問題，提出重要的釐清或批判性的見解，它拒絕內在於生態復育行動中的宰制邏輯和區判價值層級，並且認為生態復育理論是一種進展中的過程理論，可以接受批判與不斷修正。最後，本文以人間佛教環境倫理學內容中的環境德行、環境價值觀、環境倫理的多元論，以及整體論思考與實踐等四項，一方面回答生態復育是人間佛教實踐環境保護的行動，又以護生與緣起中道為環境倫理主要原則的倫理學多元論，是有益於生態復育倫理的理論與實踐。

關鍵字

人間佛教 ； 生態復育 ； 自然價值論 ； 生態女性主義 ； 環境倫理

並列摘要

There is much research on the issues of ecological restoration. I would like to focus on the ethical problems in this article. For example, what is the definition, value, and ethical norms of ecological restoration? And mainly, what are the viewpoints of ecological restoration of Humanistic Buddhism. First, I will explain two considerations about ecological restoration. They are the theory of natural value and ecofeminist restoration. Holmes Rolston Ⅲ thought that ecological restoration was not an activity of artificial faked nature. What was the value of human's ecological restoration? He would say that it was for lasting the value of a whole human-nature system. Ecofeminists reminded us of our way of thinking about restoration. They pointed that three concepts of the boundary conditions can benefit ecological restoration. And then, I introduce the contents of environmental virtues, environmental value, ethical pluralism and holistic practice in Buddhism. Meanwhile, I indicate that these perspectives are benefit to the theory and practice of ecological restoration. On the other hand, I will explain the practice of ecological restoration is an emergent activity of humanistic Buddhism in environmental protection.

並列關鍵字

humanistic Buddhism ； environmental ethics ； ecologicalrestoration ； natural systemic value ； ecofeminist ； restorashyn

參考文獻

Society for Ecological Restoration. Http://www.ser.org.

Brown, L. R.(2003).Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and Civilization in Trouble.New York:Earth Policy Institute.

Callicott, J. Baird(1999).Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy.New York:State University of New York Press.

De Silva, Padmasiri(1998).Environmental Philosophy and Ethics in Buddhism.London:Macmillan Press Ltd..

James, Simon P..Thing-Centered' Holism in Buddhism, Heidegger, and Deep Ecology.Environmental Ethics.22