The Principle of Proportionality: the Concept and Its Application to Animal Protection Issues such as Killing for Disease Control Purposes

「比例原則」之意涵與適用－從防疫撲殺所引發之動保爭議談起

Jörg Luy

《玄奘佛學研究》 23期 (2015/03) Pp. 49-74

摘要

為確保憲政民主，德國聯邦憲法法院在二次世界大戰後逐步確立了「比例原則」。1960年代，該原則經憲法法院明定，成為公權力行為過當與否的重要判準。自此，「比例原則」提升為德國不成文憲法法則，自然也形塑了1972年所頒布的「動物保護法」。而後，歐盟（EU）所推動的動物福利法，針對進退維谷的兩難，所依循的同樣是比例原則的精神。本文旨在說明該原則的內涵，以及如何妥適運用於動物保護上。值得一提的，「比例原則」既是一項理性思考法則，自可廣泛應用，以建構嚴密的思維脈絡，得出解決問題的最佳路徑。對此，本文提出三項彼此交互作用的倫理道德與正義模型來進行剖析，予以佐證。至於動物傳染病防疫撲殺的案例，其中所引發的倫理省思，也可由此一既定原則，窺得一二。

關鍵字

動物倫理 ； 動物福利 ； 疾病控制 ； 比例原則 ； 尊重生命

並列摘要

In order to guarantee a constitutional democracy, the German Constitutional Court developed a concept named the ＂principle of proportionality＂ in the decades after World War II. During the 1960s the court came to the conclusion that the principle of proportionality should be respected as a general guideline for public authority. Since then it has been treated as unwritten constitutional law in Germany. This is the spirit that shaped the new German Animal Protection Act in the year 1972. Today, in dilemma-like situations the animal welfare legislation of the European Union (EU) also follows the principle of proportionality. This paper illuminates the nature of the principle and how it is applied to animal protection issues. But since the principle turns out to be a function of rationality, it can generally be used to structure deliberations about the best options. Three interacting models of people's moral sense and sense of justice are presented here in order to demonstrate this ability. In regard to the example of the killing of animals for disease control purposes, serious ethical concerns are deduced from this well-established principle.

並列關鍵字

Animal ethics ； animal welfare ； disease control ； principle of proportionality ； respect for life

參考文獻

Koeniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Ed.), I. Kant / Die Metaphysik der Sitten. Berlin: Reimer, 1914.

Schwantje, M. Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben, Bruederlichkeit und Vegetarismus, Zuerich: Verlag Volksgesundheit, 1949.

Allgemeines Buergerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB, Austria), http://www.jusline.at/Allgemeines_Buergerliches_Gesetzbuch_%28ABGB%29_Langversion.html.

Buergerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB, Germany), http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/bgb/gesamt.pdf.

Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (Swiss Constitution), http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a37.