訓詁活動的語言學考察

Linguistic Reflection o Traditional Chinese Scholium

曾錦坤(Jin-Kuan Tseng)

《中華人文社會學報》 1期 (2004/09) Pp. 164-179

摘要

大致說來，訓詁學是相當嚴謹的學問，它不僅只是一門寬泛的字義解釋學。要查出每一個字的本字本義，再查出字與字間的相互關係，這中間要耗費多少心力，然而清代學者都做到了，不能不令我們佩服。訓詁學者所使用的方法，又極有條理；今人常說清人治學富有科學精神，考諸事實，確然無疑。可惜的是，清人這些方法與精神都耗在語文訓詁上，而非用來直接面對現實人生。假如把這些精神拿來面對現實人生，不知效果又如何？我們畢竟是太崇拜傳統了，由尊聖而宗經，由尊聖而倚牆附柱，不敢挺身做人；由宗經而依門傍戶，不敢造論立說；聖經賢傳有功亦有過，這些過失恐怕都是後人不善學造成的。今天，社會發展，有許多問題並非古人所曾面對的，如果我們還要取證於經書，固然人同此心，心同此理，但是理約事博，恐怕要緩不濟急了；不能不謂之膠柱鼓瑟。個人常以為，古代士人治學有三厄，一厄厄於科舉時文，再厄厄於人情世故，三厄厄於聖經賢傳；這三厄都極耗喪生命，而這三厄中以聖經賢傳的束縛最難解脫。一部《十三經注疏》，能令多少人黑髮變白髮，更何況學者須要研讀的，又不只是一部《十三經注疏》而已呢？注解功深，難免創發不足；從事訓詁工作，能不深自警惕？

關鍵字

訓詁學 ； 字義 ； 解釋學 ； 本義 ； 方法 ； 條理 ； 聖經賢傳 ； 十三經注疏

並列摘要

As a strict study, Chinese scholium is a branch of knowledge concerning not only word interpretation and derivation, but also probing interrelationship among words. It is a time-and effort-consuming task, but had been exhaustively explored study employed by the scholars in Ching dynasty were well-organized and scientific, unfortunately, they were not applied to facing life problems directly. Consequently, Ⅰ wonder what it would have been like if the latter had happened. After all, it has been Chinese convention to worship our tradition, saints, and ancient scriptures in such a manner that we dare not challenge or criticize them, and, as a result, we lost our autonomy and independency to establish or create new prospects toward Chinese scholium. However, times have changed. There are many modern problems our ancient predecessors had never met and we cannot solve them based on the content of ancient scriptures. While doing research, scholars in the old times were hamperedly conditioned by three factors: imperial examinations, complicated interpersonal relationship, and ancient Chinese saints' scriptures and biographies, among which the third factor is the most influential one. Scholium of Shi San Jing (十三經注疏), take an example, requests a scholar's whole life to study, not to mention other scriptures. The work of scholium consumes time and energy, and lack innovation. This is what scholium students should bare in mind.

並列關鍵字

Chinese shclium ； word meaning ； interpretation ； original meaning ； methods ； well-organized ； ancient Chinese saints' scriptures ； disasters ； Scholium of Shi Sam Jing