International democracy promotion strategies have broadened and deepened since the end of the Cold War, and a heterogeneous set of regimes (authoritarian, hybrid, and some unorthodox democracies) has begun experimenting with counter-strategies. These are variously motivated-by regime survival tactics, alliance strategies, and domestic political calculations and principle (usually the defense of national sovereignty), among other factors. Multiple patterns of response are possible, given the variety of regime types and strategic calculations, international learning, trial and error, and experiments with coordinated resistance. Proceeding inductively, this essay compares and contrasts the ongoing "antidemocracy promotion" strategies and repertoire of alternatives available to regimes pursuing "antidemocracy promotion strategies," notably by Venezuela's Fifth Republic; Putin's Russian Federation; the House of Saud; and the People's Republic of China. While acknowledging the diversity and incompleteness of all these processes, it also develops a deductive framework intended to facilitate the structured comparison of these strategies, in general, which are not simply a "mirror-image" of Westerninspired "democracy promotion" strategies. While the essay focuses both inductively and deductively on internationally directed strategic choices, the balance between domestic and external drivers of policy remains an open question, and the resulting "menu of options" can include single-country and inward-looking strategies.
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