論華人民族音樂跨國網絡的建構：二次大戰後兩個美國華裔民族樂團之研究

The Transnational Construction of Ethnic Chinese National Music: Comparing Two Modern Chinese Orchestras in Post-WWII America

周康岱(Kyle Jeffcoat)

《關渡音樂學刊》 12期 (2010/06) Pp. 203-216

https://doi.org/10.29873/GMJ.201006.0009

摘要

本文主要探討的是二次世界大戰之後，美國華裔現代民族樂團(modern Chinese orchestras)是如何透過跨國網絡(transnational networking)，在美國不同的文化脈絡下，形成新的習性並受到一定程度的約束。在美國華裔的族群中，現代民族樂團是二戰後出現的新現象。從音樂的方面來看，「華性」(Chineseness)的表現性，在二戰後明顯的朝向多元化發展。特別是1943年《排華法案》的廢除、二次世界大戰、中國內戰以及1965年的《移民法》，這些歷史事件，直接或間接的影響了移民文化。本文將透過美國華裔民族樂團產生與發展來解釋此文化現象。本研究將以紐約中國民族樂團(the Chinese Music Ensemble of New York)和北美洲中國音樂研究會的民族管弦樂團(the Chinese Classical Orchestra of the Chinese Music Society of North America)為例，此兩個樂團均為二戰後成立的樂團，與其他樂團相較之下，兼具歷史性與規模性。文章將透過兩個樂團的跨國活動(transnational activities)，來證明跨國性造成許多表演習性和音樂性的變遷及延續，近一步討論是如何達成「華性」之意義，而不僅是在美國當地的意義，且包含大量跨國意義在內。此研究僅為美國社會背景下之存在與影響的一個區域案例，希望藉此可作為往後更為廣泛的研究之參考。

關鍵字

戰後美國 ； 華裔民族樂團 ； 跨國性 ； 紐約中國民族樂團 ； 北美洲中國音樂研究會民族管弦樂團

並列摘要

Appearing in China merely less than a century ago in the 1920s and 30s, modern Chinese orchestras were first established among the ethnic Chinese population of the US during the 1960s and 70s. This paper is a comparative analysis for two of the earliest and largest modern Chinese orchestras formed among the ethnic Chinese in the US, namely the Chinese Music Ensemble of New York (1961) and the Chinese Classical Orchestra of the Chinese Music Society of North America (1976). A particular emphasis is placed upon transnational networking, local/global activities and the cultural politics of music within these spheres of action, moreover, how changes and continuities in the patterns of performance practices and musicality regarding the negotiated meanings of Chineseness surrounding the modern Chinese orchestra on the local/transnational stage develops and evolves. The musical idiosyncrasies of Chineseness for the ethnic Chinese demographic of the US has shifted significantly in the postwar era, growing more complex and heterogeneous. For further insight into the local/global networking of each orchestra, we look at the lives, agency and activities of each orchestra's founders, directors and members.

並列關鍵字

Ethnic Chinese ； America ； the modern Chinese orchestra ； transnationalism ； the Chinese Music Ensemble of New York ； the Chinese Classical Orchestra of the Chinese Music Society of North America ； Chineseness

參考文獻

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余少華，2003.05.01 ，〈從國樂到中樂：香港中樂在新世紀的定位〉，《信報》。

The Chinese Music Ensemble of New York . 1995. Beloved Chinese Songs. New York, NY: Chesky Records. (Compact disc).

The Chinese Music Ensemble of New York. May 10, 1998. Annual Spring Concert. (Compact disc).