西藏民族樂器「札年」的研究

「札年」被稱為「雪域高原民族的樂器」，是為西藏民族社會中相當普及的彈撥類弦樂器。在西藏境內各地、印度、尼泊爾、錫金、不丹、喀什米爾、喜瑪拉雅山系、歐美各國藏裔僑居地等，藏族人口分佈的聚居地都可以看見札年的身影。札年是一種具有數百年歷史的西藏民族樂器。本文對札年的探討，除了其歷史的溯源外，研究焦點著重在札年的形制、製作過程、定弦法、樂器分類系統等，並藉由參與觀察「札年歌樂」在印度藏族社會中的實踐、功能與傳承來擴充札年研究的面向與廣度。由於雪域高原民族所聚居的領地幅員廣闊，札年因傳播地域的不一，形制也略有不同。本文是以筆者2008年在印度達蘭薩拉(Dharamsala)，以藏族札年工藝師「貢噶札西」(□，1961-)所製作的樂器為探討對象，並跟隨西藏古典音樂家「次旺確登」(□)札年歌樂實務的學習與彈唱為基礎，來做為論述的參考依據。

關鍵字

西藏樂器；札年；札年歌樂；堆諧；囊瑪

並列摘要

”Zhanian” is called ”The National Musical Instrument of the Snow Territory Plateau” which is a plucked string musical instrument and it is quite popular in Tibetan communities. Also, Zhanian can be seen in parts of Tibet, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Kashmir, the territory of Himalayas and other Tibetan settlements in Western Countries. ”Zhanian” is a kind of national musical instrument of Tibet with history of several hundred years. The study of Zhanian in this article, in addition to the traceability of its history, the research focuses are in Zhanian's form, tune a stringed instrument method, production process, and musical instruments classification system. And then, through participant observation Tibetan settlements in India of ”Zhanian Vocal Music:'s practice, functions, spread and inheritance for attempt to expand Zhanian's viewpoint and breadth. The national of the snow territory plateau covers vast areas, Zhanian due to the propagation of different regions the form are also slightly difference. This article is based on the musical instruments produced by Tibetan Zhanian-craftsmen Kunga Tashi (□，1961 - )as a case study, which information was from field works by author in Dharamsala India in 2008. Author also followed the Tibetan classical musician ”Tsewang chung Teng” (□) practical learning, playing and singing Zhanian Vocal Music as to be used as the reference foundations for the discussions.