畬話的介音問題初探

On the Glides of San-Hak Dialects

吳中杰(Al Chung-Chieh Wu)

《聲韻論叢》 13期 (2004/04) Pp. 271-289

https://doi.org/10.29753/CP.200404.0011

摘要

現今中國境內畬族所說的語言有二，廣東羅浮及蓮花山區的「畬語」接近苗瑤語，而散佈廣東鳳凰山區，以至閩、浙、贛、皖四省丘陵的「畬話」則接近客家話。本文提及的1.遇合三及流開三奉母之中有少數字讀-iu。2.假、效、咸、山、梗攝開口三四等各韻部搭配端組（含泥來）及精組聲母時，常常沒有齊齒介音。3.浙江各點有少數來母字逢細音-i讀爲零聲母。4.臻攝開口字帶有圓唇成分。這些在畬話內部有一定程度的一致性，也有各自的發音原理和音韻規則。透過第六節的比較，這些現象似乎顯示畬語和畬話之間仍有隱微的關聯。畬語分固有詞和漢語借詞二個層次，歷史文獻如潮州府志證明了潮州畬族曾經使用畬語而非畬話的史實。惠東畬語和粵閩浙畬話之間共通詞彙雖少，但並非全然沒有聯繫。漢語借詞層明顯比固有層要接近客語和畬話，但仍有語音變化上的差異。

關鍵字

畬話 ； 畬語 ； 客方言 ； 語言接觸 ； 底層語 ； 語言比較

並列摘要

Huang (1963)'s field research has found that in the mountainous area of Feng-huang, which is located in Chao-zhou, Guangdong Province is said to be the source of the minority San Hak. In that area the San Hak people still exists and they speak a kinJ of Chinese dialect instead of their original mother tongue. Luo (1980) has pointed out that the dialect they speak is quite close to Hakka. It is a great pity that this unique dialect has been rarely discussed since the 1980's. We should not only be concerned with Chinese dialects spoken by Han people, but also the ones spoken by minorities. From the language material revealed so far, the Chinese dialect of San Hak has the residual components of their mother tongue, borrowing forms from the adjacent dialects, and the similarity with Hakka is noteworthy. How do these dialects interact? How come San Hak speaks the Chinese dialect nowadays instead of their original language? What is the formation process of this unique dialect? All the above questions wait for answers.Until present we haven't been able to get enough language data for this dialect except those rare works such as Huang (1963)'s. Several villages speaking the dialect around southeastern China's mountainous area remain untouched. Without fieldwork done by the author so far, we can't attribute anything to this dialect.This essay is going to conduct a result of the survey on the glide phenomena of the San Hak villages in the countryside of Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces. Some tribes in Hui-dong, another site in Guangdong, San Hak people remain their original language, which is therefore one of the comparative research objective in the article. Hence, there are also more discussions and comparative studies entailed.

並列關鍵字

San Hak dialects ； Hakka dialects ； language contact ； comparative