太陽能在土壤傳播性病害之應用

Applied of Solarization for Controlling Soilborne Fungal Disease

黃秀華(Shiou-Hwa Huang)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 32號 (1993/06) Pp. 247-256

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.199306.0021

摘要

土壤傳播性病害是當前植物病害中最困擾的問題之一，不但其病原茵之生態複雜，且病害也不易防治，由鐮刀病茵（”Fusarium spp.”）引起之香蕉、蘿蔔、芹菜等之黃葉病及由”Phytophthora spp.”引起之蔬菜疫病等即是典型例子。近幾十年來，植物病理學家致力研究如何防治土壤傳播性病害的方法，以降低土壤中病原菌的數目，減少病害的發生。過去利用化學藥劑燻蒸及蒸汽消毒以降低土壤中病原菌數目，減少病害發生，頗著績效，尤其對”Fusarium spp.”，”Verticillium spp.”，及”Phytophthora spp.”所引起的病害有顯著的防治效果，但是使用不當，反而使病害發生更為嚴重，因此未能普遍推廣。殺菌劑施於土中，常被土壤顆粒吸收，無法發揮其防治效果。輪作雖可減少土壤傳播性病害之發生，但台灣可耕地面積有限，農業趨向高度集約經營，輪作制度不易實行。生物防治是防治土壤傳播性病害最有希望的方法，但尚未達到實用階段。因之土壤傳播性病害，尚無良好防治措施。Katan等人在夏季利用透明PE塑膠布覆蓋土壤，經3~4週強烈的陽光照射，提高土壤的溫度，而將土壤中的”Verticillium dahlia”，”Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici”植物病原菌殺死，降低了由這些病原菌所引起之病害，乃是最先提出利用此方法防治土壤傳播性病害的文獻，並將此方法稱為Solarization（日光消毒）。而後經由國外多位學者之研究可以利用此方法防治多種之土傳病害，如Verticillial wilt，Fusarial wilt，”Rhizoctonia solani”及根腐線蟲。筆者在本省亦曾利用此方法可減少西瓜蔓割病約為38.8~73.84%，蘿蔔黃葉病約為60.60%，翠菊萎凋約為73.43%左右。Katan等人認為在炎熱的夏季，以透明的塑膠布覆蓋土壤，使土壤溫度提高約10C左右，病原菌的密度急劇下降；至夜晚溫度下降，則會打破靜茵作用，而使得病原菌發芽，易受其他微生物的危害。在本省的試驗則可增加土溫約9~10C左右，降低土壤病原茵”Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum”，”Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani”，”Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii”及”Fusarium oxysporum”的密度約75~100%。經過覆蓋處理後，除了上述效果外，尚可減少缺株，植株生長良好，此外也可以防治田間雜草。

關鍵字

日光消毒 ； 土壤傳播性病害 ； 防治

並列摘要

Studies of solarization for controlling soilborne diseases were carried out in Taichung, Pingtung, Puli and Changhuah regions, soils were mulched with transparent 0.025mm polyethylene sheets during the months of September for 3 to 4 weeks, and soil temperature were theres by increased. After tarping, the population of ”Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum”, ”F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani”, ”F. oxysporum f. sp. apii”, ”F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi” were reduced by 75-100%. Maximal temperature in the mulched soils were 47 to 50.5C and 44C at depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm, respectively. Field experiments with watermelon, radish and china aster showed that mulching with polyethylene sheets prior planting reduced Fusarial wilt by 38.8 to 73.84%, controlled weeds, and plant growth and stand were improved. This method of control soilborne diseases by using plastic material is less costly than fumigation, is nonhazardous and leaves no residues. It seems that biological as well as thermal control may take place during soil mulching.

並列關鍵字

Solarization ； Soilborne-disease ； Control