淨土詮釋傳統中的宗門意識－論宋天台義學者對元照《觀無量壽經義疏》之批判及其所造成之反響

本文所討論的主題──宋代天台義學者在詮釋《觀無量壽經》時所表現的「宗門意識」（sectarianism）──代表淨土詮釋傳統裏一個很值得注意的現象。這現象之出現，可追溯到靈芝元照對《觀無量壽經》所做之新詮釋。由於元照之觀經疏有擇取諸家舊疏之長，而被視為有尊善導疏而抑智顗疏之傾向，遂受到宋天台義學僧草菴道因之批判。本文詳析道因對元照義疏所做的各項指控，及天台學者自吳克己至志磐等一脈相承的宗門意識。由於道因對元照義疏之批判以《輔正解》一書之面貌出現，而其原書今已不存，只見於拙菴戒度《觀經扶新論》之引文中，本文亦根據戒度所錄之文，評估其書內容，說明它對元照義疏批判之強烈宗門意識。拙菴戒度為聲援元照義疏而著《觀經扶新論》，反駁《輔正解》對元照義疏之指控，切中道因議論之弊。他指出道因為「建立門庭」而作《輔正解》，故意扭曲元照新疏之看法，強行批判，故其說理不勝辭，破綻隨處可見。道因為強烈之宗門意識所驅使，致使其在《輔正解》之議論充滿偏見，而吳克己、宗鑑、志磐等人卻附和其說，可見道因宗門意識對天台山家派義學影響之深。

關鍵字

《觀經》；《新疏》；《扶新論》；《輔正解》；道因；戒度；元照；宗門意識

並列摘要

The topic of this paper-sectarianism as expressed in Sung T'ien-t'ai scholars' exegeses of the Contemplation Sutra-represents a noteworthy phenomenon in the Pure Land hermeneutic tradition. The phenomenon owes its occurrence to Ling-chih Yuan-chao's exegesis of the Contemplation Sutra. As Yuan-chao's commentary electively synthesizes the fine points of previous exegeses, it was perceived by Ch'aoan Tao-yin, a Sung T'ien-t'ai exegete, as honoring Shan-tao's commentary at the expense of that of Chih-i. This paper details Tao-yin's accusation of some hermeneutic points found in Yuan-chao's commentary and relates the persistent sectarianism that characterizes the works compiled by T'ien-t'ai historians from Wu K'e-chi to Chih-p'an. Tao-yin's critique of Yuan-chao's commentary appears as a text called Fu-chengchieh, which is no longer extant but survives, in fragments, as interspersed quotes in the Kuan-ching fu-hsin lun by Chuo-an Chieh-tu. Based on this remainder of the Fucheng- chieh, this paper also assesses the text, discusses its contents, and reveals the sectarianism that underpins its criticism of Yuan-chao's hermeneutics. Chuo-an Chieh-tu wrote the Kuan-ching fu-hsin lun to uphold Yuan-chao's commentary. In his work, he refutes Tao-yin's accusation of Yuan-chao's commentary, pointedly listing the flaws of the Fu-cheng-chieh and showing Tao-yin's sectarian sentiment. In his view, Tao-yin, purporting to ＂build up [T'ien-t'ai's] gate and yard,＂ wrote the Fu-cheng-chieh in which he deliberately distorted Yuan-chao's viewpoints and engaged in an acrimonious attack on Yuan-chao's commentary. As a result, it is full of errors and flaws. Driven by unyielding sectarianism, Tao-yin infuses in his discourse with much bias, which was to inspire such T'ien-t'ai scholars as Wu K'e-chi, Tsung-chien, and Chih-p'an. It shows clearly that his sectarianism had a large impact on T'ien-t'ai's Pure Land exegesis.