「看得不同」等於「表現得不同」嗎？線上空間能力遊戲的眼蹤與測驗表現

Is Seeing Differently the Same as Moving Differently? From the Observation of Eye Tracking in Online Spatial Games and Spatial Test Performance

鄭海蓮(Hi-Lian Jeng) ； 吳慧詩(Hui-Shi Wu)

《數位學習科技期刊》 8卷3期 (2016/07) Pp. 1-28

摘要

個體眼球運動之蹤跡（眼動或眼蹤）可以反應個體的注意力、思考軌跡，以及任務的難度與複雜度，但是否可據此推論個體的終端表現差異呢？近來眼動儀實驗漸多，常用以探究個別差異或群組間的差異，而眼蹤的表現差異是否等於行為表現的差異，則是個有待釐清的有趣問題。本研究綜合模擬的線上空間遊戲測驗、實作測驗和紙筆測驗，探討眼蹤和測驗分數的性別差異。受試者為大學以上學歷，女性12位、男性18位。研究結果顯示：一、在紙筆式空間能力測驗分數上無性別差異；二、在簡單的平面任務表現上沒有眼蹤的性別差異；三、在較困難的平面任務則出現凝視時間、凝視次數與回視時間的性別差異；四、在實作的立體空間任務中，男性凝視目標物旋轉的左右側範圍較大。本研究顯示，雖然在不同的空間任務中，男女的眼動型態不盡相同，其遊戲測驗、實作與紙筆測驗的結果並無差異，亦即「看」得不同並不必然等於「表現」得不同。本研究中的高等教育男女受試者在視覺思考歷程與外顯的空間能力量測結果比較上，是相同處多於相異處，惟任務難度和眼蹤的性別差異有關。

關鍵字

性別差異 ； 空間能力 ； 高等教育 ； 眼蹤／眼動 ； 遊戲式測驗

並列摘要

Individuals' thinking and attention, and task difficulty and complexity can be captured by eye movement and tracking, however is it generalizable to individuals' end performance and difference? The eye tracking experiments are getting popular in studying individual or group differences, but whether seeing differently is equal to moving differently is an interesting question deserving more exploration. The present study incorporated prototype online spatial games, a performance test and a paper-and-pencil test to investigate genders' spatial differences in eye tracking and test scores. There were 12 female and 18 male subjects with college above education. The results showed that, (1) there was no gender difference in the paper-and-pencil spatial test scores, (2) there was no gender difference of eye tracking in the simple 2D task, (3) there were significant gender differences found in total fixation time, total fixation count, and regression time in the difficult 2D task, and (4) in the 3D performance task, males were found to fixate the rotating object in a wider horizontal range. Although the genders' eye tracking patterns were not the same, there was no difference in their test scores and completing all the tasks, which showed that seeing differently was not necessarily equal to performing differently. For the Higher-Ed female and male subjects in the study, there were more similarities than differences in their comparisons of spatial thinking and outcome performance; nevertheless the task difficulty was related to the genders' differential eye tracking.

並列關鍵字

gender difference ； spatial ability ； higher education ； eye tracking/ eye movement ； gamed tests

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