朱子「涵養本原」功夫析論

朱子義理定位至今仍具爭議性，本文嘗試從功夫論切入探討，期能做出些許貢獻。朱子功夫主要為「涵養本原」與「格物致知」，今論前者。本文旨在論析朱子「本原」有幾類，每類涵養內容為何，此等涵養功夫有無不足處。經本文釐析得出朱子分從「時間序位」、「體用關係」、「形上形下」三面向論「本原」，前兩項又各分兩類，故朱子「本原」共五義，但朱子義理具體論及涵養者僅三類：「心念未起」、「小學童年」、「以心為體」。經析論此三類涵養功夫，發現朱子此等功夫有如下限制：「缺形上本原涵養」、「屬空頭功夫」、「是助緣而非本質功夫」、「有屬不自覺功夫者」、「只可成就君子而非聖人」；由此可知朱子義理或與傳統儒家有隔。

關鍵字

朱子義理定位；朱子功夫；涵養；本原；未發

並列摘要

There are still controversies regarding the orientation of Zhu Zi’s doctrine. This article attempts to engage the issue from the theory of cultivation in hopes of making certain contributions. Zhu Zi’s main doctrines of cultivation are ＂to cultivate original nature＂ and ＂to study the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge.＂ The article will discuss the former. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the types of ＂original nature,＂ the content of cultivation for each type, and whether such cultivation works are insufficient. This study summarized that Zhu Zi used the three dimensions of ＂time sequence,＂＂the relationship between essence and function,＂＂metaphysics and physics＂ to discuss ＂original nature.＂ The former two categories could also be divided into two more categories. Therefore, Zhu Zi’s ＂original nature＂ includes five meanings, but Zhu Zi’s doctrine’s specific theories on cultivation only included three categories: ＂thought that has not risen,＂＂small learning in childhood,＂ and ＂heart as essence.＂ The three categories of cultivation show that Zhu Zi’s cultivation has the following limitations: ＂lack of metaphysical cultivation of original nature,＂＂empty cultivation,＂＂assisting the margins rather than the nature of works,＂＂part of unconscious work,＂ and ＂can only become gentlemen but not sages.＂ This shows that there may be differences between Zhu Zi’s doctrine and traditional Confucianism.