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  • 學位論文

經濟弱勢家庭青少年的金錢態度對生活福祉之影響:多層次分析

The Effects of Money Attitudes on Well-being of Youths from Economically Disadvantaged Families: A Multilevel Approach

指導教授 : 陳端容

摘要


研究背景與目的:金錢是人類生活當中非常基本的一個面向,然而當今的社會中,金錢似乎已經取代很多其他的價值,成為人們最優先注重的層面,無論財富水平的高低或各個年齡層的族群,似乎都想透過炫耀性消費來表達自我形象或炫耀財富地位。許多研究皆顯示,過於重視金錢的價值觀有害於心理健康,經濟弱勢的兒少、青少年又更容易被廣告吸引、較為物質主義。因此,本研究將著重於經濟弱勢的青少年,欲了解金錢對他們的生活福祉所扮演的腳色;並且,台灣各縣市因發展程度不同,居住於不同的縣市間是否有程度不同的心理健康狀況,值得進一步討論。 研究方法:本研究選擇「台灣貧窮兒少資料庫:弱勢兒少生活趨勢調查」,(Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty, 簡稱TDCYP),係由台灣兒童暨家庭扶助基金會(簡稱家扶基金會)規劃的一項全國性長期追蹤調查計畫,選取其2011年調查之第二波及2013年調查之第三波資料,樣本包含小六至研究所的在學青少年,分析其金錢態度對於生活滿意度及情緒困擾有無的影響。控制變項包含性別、年齡、就讀階段、學業表現、是否有零用錢,以及三種社會關係(父母、同儕、老師)和自我效能。利用多階層線性迴歸方法分析縣市間的差異是否造成金錢態度對生活滿意度以及情緒困擾之有無存在不同的脈絡影響效果。 研究結果:根據多階層線性迴歸分析結果,較為重視金錢者的生活滿意度較低,也較容易有情緒困擾的問題,本研究的另一個金錢態度面向—金錢規劃,則與先前研究結果不同,懂得對於金錢利用有所規劃之經濟弱勢青少年,其生活滿意度反而較低。多階層的結果則顯示,縣市間的確存在生活滿意度的差異,唯所占比例甚低。 結論:將影響青少年心理健康的重要因素—社會關係、自我效能、學業成就表現—納入考量後,發現青少年的生活滿意度以及情緒困擾的有無仍會受到其金錢態度的影響,可能是因為現實的經濟狀況使其無法滿足金錢規劃的理想,進而導致心理不滿足。縣市之間的生活滿意度差異,在考量個人層次之變項後仍然存在,並且無法用縣市每戶平均可用所得解釋差異之來源。最後,根據本研究結果,若要考量青少年整體的身心發展健康,與家人相處情形仍是最重要的影響因子。

並列摘要


Background: Money is a basic aspect of human life. However, in today's society, money has replaced many other values and become the most important aspect of life for many people. Regardless of the level of wealth or ethnic groups for all ages, people seem to want to express the image of self or demonstrate their status of wealth through conspicuous consumption. Many studies have shown that too much emphasis on the importance of money is harmful to mental health. Notably, youths from economically disadvantaged family seem to be more likely to be influenced by advertising, leading to a growing sense of materialism. Given the regional differences (i.e., urban rural gaps) among Taiwan’s counties, it is important to understand whether there are different degrees of adolescent mental health problems among counties and whether this difference is a result of adolescent attitudes towards money. Objective: This study will focus on economically disadvantaged children and young people in Taiwan, to understand the meaning of money in their lives and how it affects their general life satisfaction and is correlated with psychological distress. County-level differences will be also be analyzed. Methods: In this study, we used nationwide longitudinal follow-up survey data from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty (TDCYP), which was collected by Taiwan Fund for Children and Families. Data analyzed are from the second and third wave of survey, which were collected in 2011 and 2013 respectively. The final sample contains students ranging from the sixth grade in elementary school to graduate school. Hierarchical Linear models were conducted to determine whether the association between attitudes towards money and mental health problems exists, at both individual and county levels. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) were used as measures of mental health. A Money Attitude Scale (MAS) was used with a slight adjustment as some items were deemed inappropriate for students. Results: According to the results of multi-level linear regression analysis, youths paying more attention to money are more likely to be less satisfied with their life, and also more likely to have psychological distress. However, when youths score high in financial planning, another aspect of money attitude in this study, their life satisfaction is low, which is inconsistent with the previous findings. This is likely because their real-life economic situations make it difficult to fulfill their ideals of financial planning, leading to discontent in basic psychological needs. Multi-level regression results also show that while there is indeed county-level difference in the satisfaction of life, the impact of this factor is very low. Conclusions: When we consider the factors that affect mental health of young people - social relations, self-efficacy, and academic performance – we find that young people's life satisfaction and psychological distress are significantly affected by their attitudes towards money. While there is a difference in life satisfaction between counties, this is not linked to country-wide levels of average income, and remains unexplained. Further research is needed to explore why life satisfaction differs between counties in Taiwan. Moreover, according to the results of this study, positive relationships with family should still be given the highest priority when considering overall physical and mental development of young people today.

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