從語言使用到構式固化：漢語多義結果動詞「V-開」的認知語言學研究

From Usage to Construction: A Cognitive Linguistic Study on the Polysemous V-kai Resultative Verbs in Mandarin Chinese

王炳勻(Ben Pin-Yun Wang)

指導教授 ： 蘇以文

國立臺灣大學/文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2009.00796

摘要

本論文旨在運用認知語言學理論，以「V-開」構式作為研究對象，探討漢語結果動詞的認知功能語法。本研究先對「V-開」結果動詞在語料中的使用形態作有系統的分析，之後再進一步探討從「V-開」複雜動詞的語言使用情況中所觀察到「–開」的多義性，最後根據它們在語法、語意以及語用上的相似與相異之處建立不同類型的「V-開」構式。
首先，本研究在語料庫導向的使用基礎模型(usage-based approach)架構下，運用字詞搭配以及頻率分析的量化方法，探討「V-開」結果動詞在語料中的分布以及多產性。針對與「–開」搭配的動詞，根據它們的語意框架(semantic frame)作分類後，我們發現「V-開」結果動詞牽涉到規律的語意整合。我們也觀察到「V-開」構式內的字詞搭配強度不同，此現象與經驗趨向、機率性的語法歸納特性相符。本研究所執行的頻率分析進一步指出例的頻率(token frequency)會導致「V-開」複雜動詞的詞彙化(lexicalization)，而型的頻率(type frequency)則會引起「V-開」構式的基模化(schematization)。這些固定型式的「V-開」構式具有不同程度的一般性(generality)與特定性(specificity)，也對使用基礎模型架構中所主張的詞彙與語法之間連續性提出佐證。
此外，我們根據原則性多義(Principled Polysemy)理論，為「–開」在結果動詞中的用法確立其主要典型語意(Sanctioning Sense)以及四個具區別性的語意(distinct sense)。本研究除了建立「–開」呈放射狀的語意網絡(radial semantic network)，同時也解釋了其語意延伸背後的認知語用原則。具體來說，我們闡明了觀點(perspective- taking)與動力(force dynamics)在漢語結果動詞概念結構中的重要性。另外本研究還指出，雖然「–開」具有四個約定俗成的詞彙概念，它在句中確切的語意仍會受句內其他成分所限制。也就是說，我們揭示了漢語結果動詞語意建構過程中的分佈(distributed)特性以及易受上下文影響(context-sensitive)的本質。
就構式語法(constructionist)的角度而言，本研究主張不同「V-開」複雜動詞具有形式以及意義上的家族相似性(family resemblance)，形成一跨四類結果式的構式家族。我們發現不同類別的「V-開」構式伴隨在不同概念範疇中的事件融合(event conflation)，因而具有不同的語意詮釋。我們也觀察到在語言表達的層次上，「–開」決定了大部分「V-開」結果動詞所出現子句的補語結構、時貌結構以及核心要點(upshot)。以上三方面的語言證據皆指向「–開」在「V-開」結果動詞所表示的整體事件(macro-event)概念上具有較顯著的角色。簡言之，本論文也闡釋了漢語結果動詞分類的認知基礎。
我們期望本論文對「V-開」複雜動詞的完整案例研究成果，能夠強調出一般結果動詞有系統的認知功能特性，增進對於此類常用漢語語法構式實際使用情況的了解。

關鍵字

認知語言學 ； 構式語法 ； 認知固化 ； 事件融合 ； 語意延伸 ； 原則性多義 ； 結果動詞 ； 使用基礎模型

並列摘要

The aim of this thesis is to draw the insights from Cognitive Linguistics to examine the grammar of Mandarin resultative verbs by zooming in on the specific class of V-kai constructions. With a bottom-up empirical approach, the present study first scrutinizes systematically the usage patterns pertinent to V-kai resultative verbs based on corpus data. Then the multiple, related meanings of postverbal –kai observed from the usage of V-kai complex verbs are examined. Finally, the taxonomy of V-kai constructions has been established according to their similarities and variations in syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
Firstly, this study adopts a corpus-oriented usage-based approach to the distribution and productivity of V-kai resultative verbs, applying the quantitative techniques of both collocational and frequency analysis. By classifying the verbal collocates of –kai on the basis of their associated semantic frames, this study has recognized regular patterns of meaning integration in V-kai resultative verbs. Moreover, the observation that the verbal collocations within V-kai resultative verbs come in different strengths accords with the experience-driven, probabilistic view of grammatical generalizations. The frequency analysis conducted in this study further indicates that while high token frequency results in lexicalization of V-kai complex verbs, high type frequency leads to schematization of V-kai constructions. Accordingly, the routinized patterns of V-kai schemas that vary in their specificity and generality serve as a representative illustration of the continuum between lexicon and grammar that characterizes a usage-based conception of language.
In addition, following the model of Principled Polysemy, this thesis has identified the Sanctioning Sense and four distinct senses of the postverb –kai in resultative verbs, constructing a radial semantic network to explain the underlying cognitive-pragmatic principles of its meaning extensions. Specifically, we have illuminated the significance of perspective-taking as well as real-world force dynamics in the conceptual structure of Mandarin resultative verbs. Moreover, this study has shown that, while –kai pertains to four conventionalized lexical concepts, the exact interpretation assigned to the postverb is constrained and delimited by its sentential context. In other words, we have unveiled the distributed and context-sensitive nature of the meaning construction of Mandarin resultative verbs.
From a constructionist point of view, this study has argued that, on the basis of the family resemblances in their forms and meanings, V-kai complex verbs constitute a family of constructions that can be classified into four types of resultatives. Different types of V-kai constructions are found to involve conceptual conflation of events across distinct domains and thus pertain to different interpretations. We also observe that at the level of linguistic expression, –kai determines most of the complement structure, aspectual structure, upshot of the clauses V-kai constructions occur in, which point to the conceptual saliency of the postverb in macro-events expressed by V-kai resultative verbs. In sum, this case study illuminates the conceptual basis for the taxonomy of Mandarin resultative verbs in general.
It is hoped that the findings of this comprehensive study specifically on V-kai constructions can elucidate the systematic, cognitive-functional properties of resultative verb generally and further our understanding to the authentic usage of these productive grammatical templates in Mandarin Chinese.

並列關鍵字

cognitive linguistics ； construction grammar ； cognitive routinization ； event conflation ； meaning extension ； Principled Polysemy ； resultative verb ； usage-based model

參考文獻

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