溫度與除葉對火鶴花生長、光合作用及開花之影響

Effects of Temperature and Defoliation on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Flowering of Anthurium andraeanum Hort.

林侖葳(Lun-Wei Lin)

指導教授 ： 葉德銘

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/園藝學研究所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2010.01774

摘要

火鶴花 (Anthurium andraeanum Hort.) 為臺灣重要切花之一。近年來，荷蘭栽培業者已實際應用除去幼葉處理於火鶴花切花生產中，然而除去幼葉對於切花品質之影響尚不明確。本研究藉由光合產物之製造與分配之角度，瞭解溫度對火鶴花生長及開花之影響，並尋求適合火鶴花切花生產之葉片數，探討火鶴花花芽與葉芽之關係，期望增進火鶴花切花產量與品質。
火鶴花 ‘Tropical’ 與 ‘Choco’ 葉、莖、根之乾重皆以35/30 oC處理者最低，溫度降低使植株之乾重增加，栽培在20/15 oC者乾重最重。高溫使光合產物運移至葉片，而低溫20/15 oC則增加光合產物運移至根部的比例。花朵乾重、佛焰苞大小、肉穗花序長度、花梗長度及花梗直徑隨著溫度上升至30/25 oC而下降，以大花型品種 ‘Choco’更為明顯。火鶴花 ‘Tropical’ 與 ‘Choco’之佛焰苞總可溶性糖含量於20/15 oC處理較30/25 oC高。栽培於30/25 oC者之切花佛焰苞之澱粉含量較栽培於25/20 oC及 20/15 oC者少。
栽培於日夜溫度30/25 oC下，火鶴花 ‘Tropical’與‘Choco’第二片葉片於各葉位間有較高之淨光合作用值；生長於25/20 oC下之第二片及第三片葉片有較高之淨光合作用值，葉片淨光合作用值與氣孔導度並隨葉位之增加而下降。
除去下位葉數不影響火鶴花 ‘Jupiter’佛焰苞大小。然而具有六片葉之植株花朵成熟時間較長，顯示葉片數過多反而可能降低產量。除去火鶴花 ‘Jupiter’ 不同下位葉數後14天，以每株留下一至三片葉者之第一片展開葉淨光合作用值較高；處理後28天，各處理間淨光合作用值之差距減少，但仍以每株留下一片葉者淨光合作用值較高。
火鶴花‘Tropical’與‘Choco’葉片之葉綠計讀值、Fm值和 Fv/Fm值皆隨著葉片的成熟與展開而增加。葉身捲曲之葉片淨光合作用為負值，氣孔導度與蒸散速率較低且細胞間隙二氧化碳濃度較高；淨光合作用值、氣孔導度、蒸散作用速率隨著葉片展開而上升，細胞間隙二氧化碳濃度隨著葉片的展開而下降。
火鶴花 ‘Tropical’ 除去花芽能使接續的葉芽及花芽提早發育，但對切花佛焰苞大小及切花壽命無顯著影響，而除去新葉效果使當節位花芽更早發育，顯示葉芽與前一節位花芽皆為積貯，且葉芽的積貯強度較強。於四月至七月除去未展開葉，可使當節花芽提早發育，但不影響佛焰苞大小及切花壽命。除去未展開葉不影響前一節位之花朵發育。未展開之葉片積貯強度較強，使當節花芽生長緩慢，但與前一節位花朵無明顯競爭之關係。葉芽與花芽間之供源積貯關係可能受到環境因子所影響，於十月除去未展開葉，當節花芽不會提早發育。

關鍵字

切花 ； 碳水化合物 ； 瓶插壽命 ； 葉片發育 ； 供源-積貯關係

並列摘要

Anthurium andraeanum Hort. has become an important cut flower crop in Taiwan. Removal of young leaves is already practiced by growers in Netherlands, but the effects on the cut flower quality are not clear. The objectives of this study were to elucidate 1) the effect of temperature on growth and flowering, 2) optimum leaf number for cut flower production, and 3) relationships between growth of leaves and flowers, based on photoassimilates production and partitioning, and thus to improve cut flower production and quality in Taiwan.
Dry weights of shoot, stem, and root in Anthurium ‘Tropical’ and ‘Choco’ decreased as day/night temperature increased to 35/30 oC. Plant at 20/15 oC had highest dry weights. Photoassimilates accumulated mainly in leaves at higher temperatures, but in roots at lower temperatures. Flower dry weight, spathe size, spadix length, peduncle length, and peduncle diameter decreased as temperature increased to 30/25 oC, especially in ‘Choco’. Total soluble sugar content in spathe was higher at 20/15 oC than at 30/25 oC for both cultivars. Starch content in spathe was lower at 30/25 oC than at 25/20 oC and 20/15 oC.
The second newly expanded leaf had higher net photosynthesis rate for plants grew at 30/25 oC. In contrast, the second and third newly expanded leaves had higher net photosynthesis rate in plant grew at 25/20 oC. The net photosynthesis rate decreased with leaf position. The trend was consistent with stomatal conductance.
Defoliation did not affect the spathe size in Anthurium ‘Jupiter’. Time to flower harvesting was longer in plants with six retained leaves, indicating reduced production yield in plants with excessive leaves. Higher net photosynthesis rate was measured in plants with one to three retained leaves than plants with six retained leaves on day 14 after defoliation of old leaves. Plants with one retained leaf still had higher net photosynthesis rate on day 28 after defoliation.
SPAD-502 value, Fm, and Fv/Fm of subtending leaves increased during expansion in Anthurium ‘Tropical’ and ‘Choco’. Furled young leaf had a negative net photosynthesis rate. Rates of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration increased as leaf matured, while intercellular CO2 concentration was higher in young leaves and decreased as leaf expanded.
Removal of preceding flower bud in Anthurium ‘Tropical’ accelerated growth of subsequent leaf and flower, but did not affect spathe size and vase life. Nevertheless, removal of young leaf was more effective in accelerating growth of succeeding flower. Hence, young leaves exhibited apparently stronger sinks than preceding flower buds. Removal of young leaf during April to July accelerated succeeding flower emergence, but did not affect spathe size and vase life. Removal of young leaf did not accelerate preceding flower emergence. The furled subtending leaf acted as a strong sink, depriving the succeeding flower of nutrients but not the preceding flower. Removal of young leaf in October did not accelerate succeeding flower emergence, suggesting that environmental factors might affect the source-sink relationship between flower buds and subtending leaves.

並列關鍵字

cut flower ； carbohydrate ； vase life ； leaf development ； source-sink relationship

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