本土社會信任理論模型的建構：環境決策過程中的社會信任分析

Construct an Indigenous Social Trust theory: Social Trust Implications during an Environment Decision-making Process

王怡文(Yi-Wen Wang)

指導教授 ： 陳亮全

國立臺灣大學/工學院/建築與城鄉研究所/博士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.01602

摘要

本論文主要目的是：建構能充分解釋本土社會信任現象的理論模型。為建構本土社會信任理論模型，首先，透過批判式文獻回顧，認為將西方信任理論「套用」於本土社會，無法清楚說明華人社會普遍存在的信任現象與經驗，也難有助於理解華人社會信任的特殊性。由於人與人之間的相互信任，涉及在他們所認同的群體裡，彼此建構的價值與規範系統，所以在不同的文化中，信任的建構各有其獨特的過程。許多文化心理學的文獻指出：人們依賴其文化背景，以感知與判斷本身所處的社會環境，人們彼此相信與互相評定對方的方法，反映他們共有的文化經驗(如：Triandis, 1989; Markus & Kitaymama, 1991; Peng &Nisbett, 1999; Hong &Chiu, 2001等)。因此，本論文旨在探討華人文化中，尤其在台灣社經脈絡下的信任策略特性。其次，整合既有的文獻，提出本土社會信任的理論模型。本論文以華人的關係主義(relationalism)為預設，提出本土社會中五種信任的原形(prototypes)，其中兩種是屬於關係網絡內的社會信任，包括：基於血緣關係的血親信任及根植於情感與認同的滋生信任。其餘三種是屬於關係網絡外的社會信任，其一是：常民在文化實踐中累積的習俗，形成的習俗信任；其二是：奠基於專業知識與能力的專業信任；其三是：基於利益最大化的理性計算，形成的制度信任。以上五種信任原形的各有其意涵，其中，本論文所提出的血親信任與習俗信任，對於理解華人社會信任，具有獨特的意義。
此外，為確證、說明並修正前述筆者建構之本土社會信任暫時性的理論模型，以環境決策過程中涉及的各種社會信任為經驗研究對象，其目的是為了在生活世界中獲取豐富的資料。其中經驗研究包括二個主要個案：其一係屬「公共環境決策」過程之台灣電力公司第四核能電廠(簡稱核四廠)之鄰避公共設施之決策過程；其二係偏向於「個體環境決策」過程，且深嵌於文化環境觀之風水習俗的意義與內涵，為彰顯風水習俗的意義，本論文係以社會符號學(socio-semiotic)作為分析的方法。筆者並且認為：核四的決策與風水的決策分別涉及兩個不同的知識體系，前者屬「科學微世界」、後者屬「生活世界」的知識型，兩者涉及的社會信任有很大的差異。而後根據前述經驗研究的結果修正前述理論模型。
本論文之主要研究成果，第一為：建構「建構本土社會信任理論模型」，該理論模型能與西方既有的相關信任理論對話，且該理論提出「信任的兩重檢驗」：「關係」的檢驗與「意圖」的檢驗。其理論意涵與特性在於主張：社會信任的心智運作是「主觀且去理性化」的判斷，與西方多數信任理論主張信任是根據客觀風險評估與理性計算的結果決定是否信任，係截然不同的論述。第二為：提出本土特殊的「習俗信任」的概念，係將文化深層的信念系統與信任加以連結，並提出「風水圖式」的概念，該文化圖式包含：常民的風水圖式與風水師的圖式，得以解釋：為何高級知識份子經常輕易相信或信任「得道」的風水師？也有助於解釋為何隨著知識水準普遍提升的趨勢下，傳統且難以驗證的風水術數行為卻越來越流行？等現象。最後，習俗「信任」的概念與習俗「信仰」的概念的釐清，旨在強化對習俗信任心智運作的理解。

關鍵字

社會信任 ； 關係網絡 ； 核四 ； 鄰避設施 ； 風水 ； 習俗信任 ； 社會符號學 ； 文化圖式

並列摘要

The main purpose of this dissertation is to construct a social trust theory capable of interpreting adequately various phenomena related social trusts in Taiwanese society. At first, a critical review of the literature on trust indicated that it is very difficult to use theories of trust developed by Western scholars to explain some prevailing phenomena related to trust in indigenous society. Because interpersonal trust is generally supported by the value system and social norms constituting the meaning of life in a given culture, it is necessary to investigate the process of trust within a particular cultural context. A social trust theory based on Confucian relationalism is proposed to analyze the domains and features of five prototypes of trust in Taiwanese culture. Two of the prototypes concern trust within the network of one's intimate society, namely, kinship trust and emergent trust constituted on the grounds of shared identity. The other three concern trust of social targets outside one's intimate society, including customary trust derived from the cultural practices that have long been adopted as customs, professional trust that is created by the professional knowledge and ability of the trustee, and institutional trust that is established on rational calculation to maximize one's own interests in dealing with an institutional operation. A person may adopt different trust strategies in consideration of the relation with the trustee. Implications of each prototype of trust are elaborated in the dissertation. In particular, the kinship trust and the customary trust have important meanings for understanding the social trust in the society.
Furthermore, various social trust phenomena during an environmental decision-making process are observed and analyzed so as to gather plentiful data related to social trust from the life world for confirming, explaining and revising the indigenous social trust theory. The selected environmental decision-making process included two cases: one is a NIMBY public facility of the forth nuclear power plant of Taiwan Power Company, which is categorized into public environmental decision-making; and the other one is feng-shui customary, which is categorized into private environmental decision-making embedded in a indigenous cultural environment perspectives by a socio-semiotic method to manifest the meanings of feng-shui. Besides, the forth nuclear power plant case and the feng-shui case implicate two different knowledge systems, one is knowledge of “scientific micro-world” and the other one is knowledge of “life-world”. The two different knowledge systems are relative to two different social trust prototypes (e.g. professional trust and customary trust). The above-mentioned indigenous social trust theory is revised according to results of the experimental researches.
There are three major research outcomes of the dissertation. The first is to construct an “Indigenous social trust theory”. The theory claims that a mental operation of a truster includes two mental inspection processes before making a trust decision, including a relation inspection and an intention inspection. In other words, a relation with the truster and an intention of the trust will be two key factors to influence the trust mental operation implicating a “subjective and an irrational” trust mental operation. The claim is entirely different from Western trust theories based on a rational calculation and an objective risk assessment of trust. The second outcome is to propose a unique concept of “customary trust” by connecting subtly to an indigenous cultural belief system so as to form a “feng-shui schema” concept. The concept of feng-shui schema is helpful for explaining many indigenous trust phenomena, such as why even well-educated scholars trust easily a feng-shui master etc. Finally, the concept of the customary trust is clarified by differentiating from a “customary belief” concept.

並列關鍵字

social trust ； relation context ； NIMBY facility ； nuclear power plant ； feng-shui ； customary trust ； socio-semiotic ； cultural schema

參考文獻

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