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  • 學位論文

菲律賓的海外勞工匯款與國家發展

Labour Remittances and National Development in the Philippines

指導教授 : 蔡青龍

摘要


由於殖民歷史與政經情勢所致,菲律賓一直都有許多勞工出國尋求較好的工作機會及較高的薪資。雖然在1960到70年代,菲律賓曾有過ㄧ段經濟榮景,但是1970年代後經濟成長就停滯不前。在經濟情況萎縮之時,勞動市場也遭受嚴重的失業與未充分就業問題的衝擊,導致菲律賓人逐漸將出國工作視為是生計策略,甚至形成一種文化。截至2007年12月底為止,全球估計大約有八百多萬菲律賓人在國外居住或就業(稱為Overseas Filipino Worker,OFW),其中有三成左右是屬於暫時性的移出或者是契約勞工(稱為Overseas Contract Worker,OCW)。 在2008年,菲律賓的海外匯款達到一百六十四億美元,僅次於墨西哥和中國,其中來自於美洲地區的匯款為多數。從1995到2004年間,平均每個海外勞工的匯款金額為1,384美元,同時男性的平均匯款高於女性。另外,一般勞工及非技術勞工的匯款總額最多,但以專業人員的平均匯款金額較高。在匯回管道方面,經由銀行系統匯回的比率都在五成以上,另外Door-to-Door及自行攜回現金也是海外勞工比較常用的方式。 本研究透過多項匯款數據與經濟指標,探討菲律賓海外匯款與國家發展間的關係。首先,海外匯款已經成為海外勞工原生家庭一個主要的所得,越來越多家庭倚賴海外匯款從事日常生活的消費、償付債務及提供孩童教育。在國家發展方面,海外匯款高於菲律賓的其他的外匯來源。大量的海外勞工匯款能夠減少貿易赤字、增加國內發展的財源,而消費增加後的乘數效果以及人力資本的提升,也是海外匯款對於國家發展的幫助。部分文獻還指出海外匯款能夠減少菲律賓的貧窮情況。本研究則由菲律賓各區域的貧窮情況與移出和匯回比率對照,發現移出及匯回比率高的區域,其貧窮情況似乎有所改善。只是其因果關係,仍待進一步確認。

並列摘要


Due to historical, political and economical reasons, Filipinos tend to look for better jobs and higher wages abroad. Although the Philippines had a speedy economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s, the economy stagnated after the 1970s. In the meanwhile, the Philippines labor market also had acute problems—unemployment and underemployment. As a result, people in the Philippines would make working abroad as subsistent strategy, and even develop a culture of migration. As of December 2007, an estimated 8 million Filipinos worked or resided overseas (called Overseas Filipino Worker, OFW), and about 30% are classified temporary status or contract workers (called Overseas Contract Worker, OCW). The total amount of remittances is estimated at 16.4 billion dollars in 2008, next only to Mexico and China. In 1995-2004, the average remittance of overseas workers is 1,384 dollars, and men’s average remittance is higher than women’s. The average remittance of professional workers is the highest, but the total remittance of unskilled workers is the biggest. Most of remittances were made by bank transfer system, Door-to-Door service, or hand-carried format. Utilizing several indicators of economic development and remittances, this paper examines the relationship between remittances and the development of the Philippines. First, remittances has become the major income source of workers’ family, and increasing number of families depend on remittances to consume, pay the debt and offer education to children. Second, at the national level, the amount of remittance is higher than other sources in the Philippines. Large remittances can improve the balance of payment and increase the funding for national development. Finally, this paper uses the poverty conditions, the emigrant percentage, and remittance-receiving percentage in regions of origin in the Philippines to figure out the relationship between remittances and poverty alleviation. The regions with higher emigrant percentage and remittance-receiving percentage tend to have a decreasing poverty headcounts. The causal relationship needs to be further assessed.

參考文獻


NSO, National Statistics Office.
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Almeida, Carlos C., 1973, “Emigration, espace et sous-développement,” International Migration, 11(3): 112–117.

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