銀行對個人授信徵取保證人相關法規之探討以C銀行為例

金融是國家的命脈，猶如人身上的血液一般，金融業包含眾多，舉凡銀行、保險、證?、期貨、租賃等等皆為金融之ㄧ環，其中與消費大眾最息息相關的應屬銀行業，民眾有多餘資金存入銀行安全又可滋長生息，當想購車、購屋或其他任何消費支出時可提出使用，資金不足可向銀行借貸，以補足缺口達成購車、購屋或其他資金需求的目的，因此現代的生活每個人幾乎都必須與銀行有相當程度的關聯與往來。銀行吸取大眾的資金付與利息，這龐大的資金除了法令規定須留存的準備金外其餘皆可依照銀行法所設定的比率貸放出去收取利息收入，付出的利息支出與收取的利息收入兩者之間的差距即為銀行業的利差收入，這是銀行業收入的一大來源，銀行為維持獲利必須將資金做有效運用，授信業務就是運用資金中極重要的一項業務，但若貸放的授信發生延滯，則不但無法創造利潤相反的必將侵蝕銀行的獲利，因此如何降低授信風險是銀行業者必須控管的一個重要項目。以往銀行辦理授信業務時為降低風險，均要求借款人提供一至二位保證人來轉嫁風險，這種金融業利用保證人制度來降低自身風險的作為已違反了公平交易原則，侵犯消費者權益，也扭曲了授信本身應注重的事項。本文以金管會在民國89年及民國100年二次對銀行業者辦理自用住宅放款及消費性放款徵取保證人制度的修正條文進行探討，以C銀行在修法前與修法後的三個個人授信案例，探討其徵信制度的改變，以了解C銀行徵信制度差異之狀況，現今銀行利用各種信用系統來對借款人的償債能力、負債比、風險係數等作出等級，並且謹慎評估擔保品價值，但是否如此即可不要求借款人提供保證人，這是後續值得探討及觀察的事項。

關鍵字

住宅抵押信評模式；不動產估值；住宅抵押貸款；連帶保證；保證

並列摘要

The finance is the life of the country, as like the person’s blood. The finance sector contains many items such as bank, insurance, securities, futures, lease etc. all are the part of the finance. In general, the bank is most closely related with consumers. The people have excess funds deposited in the bank. It is guaranteed safe and can also gotten the interest. It may be made to use when the people would like to purchase cars, houses or any consumer spending. If the funds are insufficient, they need to borrow from the bank, to make up the gap, in order to the purpose of purchasing cars, houses or other funds requirement. Therefore, almost everyone in modern has a considerable degree association and exchanges with bank. Banks absorb the public funds to pay interests. This huge capital under laws and regulations must be retained the reserve. The rest in accordance with the ratio set by The Banking Law must be granted loans to get the interest income. The gap between interest expense paid and interest income received is spread income of bank, this is the major source of income for bank. In order to maintain the profit, the bank must make effective use of their funds that is the important one of the credit business. If the granted loans of the credit occur to delay, it will be not to create the profit, the opposite is bounded to erode the profitability of the bank. Therefore, how to reduce the credit risk is the important item controlled by the bank. In the past, the bank applied to the credit business, in order to reduce the risk, required the borrowers to offer one or two guarantors, to shift its risk. The guarantor system for reducing their own risk in this financial sector has been violated the fair trade principle, consumer’s right and also distorted the issue of the credit itself. This article studies the amended items of the levy guarantor system at FSC in 2000 and 2011 two times bank handling occupied residential loans and consumer loans. With example bank C, three cases explores the change of the credit system before and after amending the law, to understand the difference of the credit system of bank C. Today, the banks use a variety credit system to borrower's solvency, debt ratio, the risk factors and etc to make the grade and to carefully assess the value of the collateral. But, whether it can't require the borrower to provide a guarantor, which is a follow-up to explore and observe matters.