邵語的構詞音韻變化

The Morphophonemic Alternations in Thao Phonology

曾家星(Josh Tseng-hsing Tseng)

指導教授 ： 黃慧娟

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2009.00068

摘要

邵族生活在中台灣日月潭湖畔，目前能說邵語的人數不足廿人，是瀕危的台灣原住民語。本論文旨逐步描述邵語之音韻，包括語音描述、音韻現象(重音選擇，滑音形成)、而後深入討論邵語的構詞音韻變化。再者，本論文倚重以優選理論來解釋邵語在音韻以及構詞音韻上的複雜變化。
本論文解決了邵語中的基本音韻現象。首先，詳盡的描述各個音素的在表層的語音變化，包括同位音與自由變異。再者，提供了加前綴詞和加後綴詞的語料來引證：邵語中詞根首的喉塞音是音素，而詞根尾的喉塞音則是語音加插。由於邵語並不允許表層的母音串，所以必須產生滑音來避免表層的母音串。邵語有兩個形成滑音的機制：雙母音化或是由母音串中在前位的母音傳遞一個同位的滑音作為後位母音的聲母。邵語中大多數的母音串採用雙元音化的機制，反應了ONSET >> INTERGRITY >> V-NUC的制約排序。但有些母音串因為韻步的考量能採用兩種機制，而韻律制約與滑音形成的制約互動所產生的制約排序：RHTYPE(T) >> FTBin-σ >> Integrity能夠解釋兩種機制如何選擇。
邵語中，複雜的構詞音韻變化能歸納為兩類：第一類是詞綴在加綴後，詞綴中的母音會刪去，包括主事焦點前綴/um/、受事焦點後綴/in/；第二類則是詞綴中的音段全部都在表層中實現，包括完成貌前綴/in/、處所焦點後綴/an/，以及絕大部分的詞綴。而筆者利用Cophonology模式，提出兩個排序不同的次文法來解釋兩類的變化。次文法一(MPARSE, DEP-μ-IO(GrWd) >> MAX-IO)，會造成非詞根的母音在表層刪略，用以解釋第一類詞綴。而次文法二(MPARSE, MAX-IO >> DEP-μ-IO(GrWd))則使底層的音段全部實現在表層，用以解釋第二類詞綴。而兩個次文法都會和排序較高的有標制約(Markedness constraints)互動，因而產生複雜的構詞音韻變化。
命令式後綴加綴後有三種表層的模式，然而三種變化的成因乃是由於構詞句法上的不同所導致。而本文尚討論了兩個時貌標記，完成貌/i

關鍵字

邵語 ； 構詞音韻 ； 優選理論

並列摘要

This thesis serves as a phonological research, step by step deciphering the articulation, phonological patterns and various morphophonemic alternations of Thao. Thao, having resided around the Sun-Moon Lake regions in central Taiwan, is one of the most endangered Formosan languages. Throughout this thesis, the analyses of phonological issues will be couched within Optimality Theory.
This thesis will begin with a discussion of the general phonology of Thao. First, the phoneme inventory and the phonetic description will be provided. Then, the dispute on whether stem-initial and stem-final glottal stops stand in underlying representation will be clarified by adducing evidence of the -initial/final stems in prefixed/suffixed forms. Surface glides in Thao come from three sources: 1.) underlying glides, 2.) glided vowels, /VV/  [VG]/ [GV], and 3.) homorganic glides spread by a precedent vowel, /VV/  [VGV]. Two strategies of glide formation are mentioned as in 2.) and 3.), and in fact most of the possible vowel clusters will be diphthongized in response to the ranking ONSET >> INTERGRITY >> V-NUC. However, the process /ua/  [uwa] results from the /u/-idiosyncrasy. Regarding stress assignment, the constraint ranking RHTYPE(T) >> FTBin-σ >> Integrity will capture the alternations of glide formation strategies of some vowel clusters.
There are four voice/aspect markers in Thao, including the AV prefix /um/, the Perf prefix /in/, the LV suffix /an/ and the PV suffix /in/. To explicate whether or not the vowel of affixes is deleted in affixed form, I will propose two subgrammars under the cophonology model of a set of faithfulness constraints. Subgrammar 1 (MPARSE, DEP-μ-IO(GrWd) >> MAX-IO) accounts for AV prefixation, AV-Perf prefixation and PV suffixation. Subgrammar 1 implies that all input segments but non-stem mora will be parsed and thus result in vowel deletion of affixes. Subgrammar 2 (MPARSE, MAX-IO >> DEP-μ-IO(GrWd)) requires all input segments being parsed, applied to Perf prefixation and LV suffixation. Both subgrammars of faithfulness constraints relating to input-output segments will interact with higher-ranked markedness constraints so that various morphophonemic alternations will be induced.
To make the morphophonemic alternations more complete, many relative suffixes and enclitics will be included. The imperative /i/ has three alternations, which are syntactically driven. The completive marker /i

並列關鍵字

Austronesian ； morphophonemic alternations ； Optimality Theory ； stress ； glide formation ； Thao

參考文獻

Blust, Robert. 2006. Supertemplatic reduplication and beyond. Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li on his 70th Birthday, ed. by Henry Y. Chang, Lillian M. Huang, and Dah-An Ho, 439-460. Taipei: Academia Sinica.

Blust, Robert. 1998a. Some problems in Thao phonology. Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium on Languages in Taiwan, ed. by Shuan-Fan Huang, 1-20. Taipei: The Crane.

Alderete, John, Jill Beckman, Laura Benua, Amalia Gnanadesikan, John McCarthy, Suzanne Urbanczyk. 1999. Reduplication with fixed segmentism. Linguistic Inquiry 30:327-364.

Blust, Robert. 1996. Some remarks on the linguistic position of Thao. Oceanic Linguistics 35.2:272-294.

Blust, Robert. 1998b. Ca- reduplication and Proto-Austronesian grammar. Oceanic Linguistics 37:29-64.