荀悅政治思想研究 ——以天人關係和君道思想為中心的考察

本文探討荀悅（148-209）的政治思想，尤集中於其對天人關係與君道思想的討論，並相當注重其思想與其時政治情勢間的關聯。荀悅活動於主荒政謬的東漢桓靈年間，歷經黃巾民變，任職於幾無實權的建安朝廷，歿於建安十四年。荀悅今存著作不多，唯有剪裁自《漢書》的編年體史書《漢紀》與儒家類子書《申鑒》。二書中呈現的荀悅，正如《四庫提要》對《申鑒》的評論：「其原本儒術，故所言皆不詭於正。」但，荀悅並非無的放矢，也並非單純地空呼教條式的規範。本文認為，荀悅身為漢之忠臣，一方面侍講禁中，教導獻帝，另一方面透過著作，有意識地回應當時的諸多政治問題。荀悅所亟欲解決的問題，主要集中於皇權方面。東漢靈帝與宦官濫用權力，以致群雄並起，失去實際控制天下的能力。儘管曹操迎獻帝於許昌，打著漢朝旗號，四處征討，漢朝廷也只是個軀殼，不具實權。面對群雄並起的問題，荀悅的天人三勢說，透過對天人關係的討論，既宣稱漢朝廷得天命，確保皇權，又保證人事的積極性、能動性，其「政體」思想可見其恢復秩序的用意。但是，東漢朝廷之所以失去實權，就是「主荒政謬」的結果，問題的源頭在於皇帝與宦官濫用權力，靈帝甚至賣官以聚斂。因此，荀悅對於人君的應有樣態甚至限制，也有若干主張，如應用賢臣以修德、重視諸侯之「夾輔」。最後，荀悅非常重視「權變」，既主張應考量時勢而損益制度，也重視迫於時宜而不得不為的「權宜之計」。本文認為，荀悅隱隱以「權宜之計」暗示漢朝廷應與曹操合作，藉其力量以平天下，展現其「為曹所以為漢」的立場。

關鍵字

荀悅；後漢；天人關係；君道思想

並列摘要

This paper attempts to investigate the political concept of Xun Yue （148-209）’s. The focus intends to emphasize on the relation between heaven and humanity, and on the code of conduct for the monarch, special highlighting the connection between the ideology of the era and the political circumstance at that time. Xun Yue, an intellectual who grew in the Emperor Huan’s and Ling's reign of Eastern Han dynasty (a time when politic ruling was weak and about to crumble), went through the outbreak of The Yellow Turban Rebellion, devoting his career life to the Jian'an era (a time when there was no actual power executing from the reign) and died in the 14th year of the time being. Nowadays, not many Xun Yue’s works have been left, except the chronicle excerpt HanJi 《漢紀》from Hanshu 《漢書》and Shenjian 《申鑒》as one of the Confucian book series. How Xun Yue is valued within these two books can be referred to the comment on Shenjian from Siku TiYao 《四庫提要》, “Since it derives from the Confucianism, what it tries to convey should have its legitimacy”. (其原本儒術，故所言皆不詭於正) Yet this is not to say that Xun Yue’s works might shoot without aiming or merely boast its dogmatic regulations. This paper demonstrates that Xun Yue, as a loyal chancellor in Eastern Han Dynasty, was not only an imperial granted lecturer of Emperor Xian of Han’s but an intellectual, who responded consciously to various political problems through his works. The problems Xun Yue desperately wanted to solve were mainly about the imperial power. The abuse of imperial power of Emperor Ling and eunuchs in the Eastern Han dynasty resulted in warlords’ rebellions around several districts, which let the emperor lost his power over the country. Despite of the fact that Cao Cao brought Emperor Xian to XuChang and conquered across the country with the name “Han”, the Eastern Han dynasty was just only a figurehead. Facing the problem of warlords around the country, Xun Yue announced his theory of “three situations between heaven and humanity”. (天人三勢說) Through the discussion of the relationship between heaven and humanity, Xun Yue’s theory not only declared the authority of Han dynasty and ensured the maintenance of the imperial power, but also managed the initiative and flexibility of the personnel. One can easily understand Xun Yue’s ideology of “the structure of the government”, and his intention of restoring the order of the dynasty. However, the reason why the Eastern Han dynasty lost its authority resulted from the consequence of political neglect and its absurd political system. The fundamental problem was the abuse of power by the emperor and eunuchs; emperor Ling even sold official posts to people in order to accumulate wealth.As a result, Xun Yue also has several notions of what behavior and limits an emperor should keep in mind. For example, he thinks an emperor should appoint virtuous people to build virtue