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  • 學位論文

漢語句法-言談介面研究

The Syntax-Discourse Interface in Mandarin

指導教授 : 蔡維天 吳曉虹

摘要


本論文研究言談訊息是否以形式特徵存在於句法運算系統裡。我探討漢語的關聯主題和非語句結構等兩種現象,指出其語意的詮釋性必須依賴言談語境以及透過補詞層和詞彙層的左緣結構來體現其句法特性。我進而主張漢語有兩種手段觸發句法-言談介面銜接。 漢語的關聯主題在前人文獻已經探討甚多,其句法位置和訊息結構特徵有著不同的分析。我提出新的觀察,指出漢語關聯主題應該分成三大類。我根據句法測試及其訊息結構主張漢語的關聯主題句應該視為XP-分裂結句。我採用Fanselow and Cavár’s (2002)分布刪除分析,提出關聯主題句是透過一連串特徵檢驗過程而生成的。XP由兩個詞組所組成,此兩詞組在詞列階段已經和主題特徵與焦點特徵分別合併。在句法階段,則是分別在補詞層和詞彙層左緣功能投射組進行特徵檢驗。關聯主題句的生成顯示主題和焦點在詞列階段進入句法操作,透過特徵檢驗手段現行於句法結構樹上。 非語句的結構儘管缺乏完整的句法骨架,但是可以蘊含子句標示、施為念力以及說話者/聽話者等言談訊息。承接Sigurðsson & Maling (2009)和Tsai (2016)的精神,我指出漢語非語句有完整補詞層結構,以句法形式實體化言談訊息。然而,不同於施用於關聯主題的特徵查核機制,我主張言談訊息並非在詞列階段就以形式特徵存在,取而代之的是透過言談行為投影層,分別由兩個言語行為功能投射組組成,分別體現了說話者與聽話者言談中的攸關性。 本文所探討的兩種現象指出漢語擁有兩種手段使句法與言談銜接。第一種手段為在詞列階段,將訊息結構相關的特徵與詞彙項目合併。接著,在句法階段,透過在補詞層/詞彙層的左緣的相關功能投射組完成特徵檢驗。第二種手段則是透過言談行為投影層內的兩個言語行為功能投射組,將說話者與聽話者等相關言談概念,帶入句法層面。換言之,說話者與聽話者這兩種言談概念並非以形式特徵出現於詞列階段,而是由言語行為功能投射組來體現該概念。本文所提的兩種介面手段和漢語句法高分析性息息相關。除此之外,本文更進一步指出言談可以內化為語法的一部分。

並列摘要


The goal of this dissertation is to investigate whether discourse notions are active in the syntactic computation or outside the domain of it. I document two phenomena in Mandarin, Aboutness Topic (AT) and Nonsententials (NS), whose interpretative import is acutely sensitive to the discourse context and needs to be syntactically substantiated in the articulated peripheral structure of CP/vP. In particular, I propose that there are two means to activate the syntax-discourse interface permitted by the computation system. Mandarin AT has been discussed at great length in the previous scholarship, and its designated position and information structural properties receive a variety of analyses. Nonetheless, I offer novel observations showing that AT in Mandarin can be analyzed on a par with XP-split constructions, according to a battery of diagnostics and its information structural makeup. Following Fanselow and Cavár’s (2002) analysis, I propose that AT results from successive feature-checking processes in which a XP, whose sub-parts are merged with two disparate features (topic and focus) in the numeration, permits its subparts to undergo feature checking in corresponding functional projections and to be spelt out differently in the left periphery of CP/vP. The case of AT concludes that topic and focus are accessible in the numeration and corresponding functional projections are merged for feature-checking purposes in order for the derivation to converge. NSs, whose syntactic structure is considerably reduced, are able to encode clause typing information, illocutionary force and the involvement of SPEAKER and HEARER/ADDRESSEE. Following the line of reasoning in Sigurðsson & Maling (2009) and Tsai (2016), I propose that NSs have a fully-fledged peripheral structure of CP, according to the effects exerted upon their interpretation. Different from the feature-checking mechanism activated for AT, I argue that no discourse properties are accessible in the numeration and drive the derivation. Rather, a speech act layer, a supra-sentential layer, merges to and dominates ForceP, and is responsible for the encoding of the relevant discourse properties. The two phenomena of inquiry suggest two means to activate the syntax-discourse interface. On the one hand, the syntax-discourse interface can be activated by merging lexical items with strong informational structural features that have to be checked by corresponding function projections in the periphery of CP/vP, along the lines of Aboh’s (2010) view that the interface starts with the numeration. On the other hand, a cluster of discourse properties, such as SPEAKER and HEARER/ADDRESSEE, cannot be treated as formal features driving the derivation and, however, can be concretized by another supra-sentential layer, the speech act layer. The two means are made available due to the analyticity of Mandarin syntax. The major consequence of this work is to show that the theory of discourse is closely tied to the architecture of grammar in general.

參考文獻


Abels, Klaus. 2012. The Italian left periphery: a view from locality. Linguistic Inquiry 43(2): 229-254.
Abney, S. 1987. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Aboh, Enoch O. 2004. Left or right? A view from the Kwa periphery. In Peripheries: Syntactic Edges and Their Effects, ed. by David Adger, Cécile de Cat and George Tsoulas, 165–189. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Aboh, Enoch Oladé. 2007. Leftward focus versus rightward focus: The Kwa-Bantu conspiracy. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15: 81–104.
Aboh, Enoch Oladé. 2010. Information structuring begins with the numeration. International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2(1): 12-42.

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