Pono ─當代「夏威夷人」的政治運動、國族主義與認同：法律與文明作為抵抗權力的策略

馬騰嶽

指導教授 ： 李亦園 ； 陳中民

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/人類學研究所/博士(2012年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2012.00077

摘要

摘 要

夏威夷群島是北太平洋最重要的航運中心，關鍵性的戰略地理位置帶給它不 平凡的現代化歷史。夏威夷群島由8個主要島嶼所組成，原有眾多的傳統波里尼西亞土著王國分佈其中。1778年1月，Cook船長在從Society Islands向北美西北海岸航行的路程中，意外的「發現」了夏威夷群島，開始西方世界與夏威夷群島的接觸。1810年Kamehameha一世國王統一夏威夷群島，建立夏威夷王國。1820年美國傳教士進入夏威夷宣教，在極短的時間內讓夏威夷人改信基督宗教。
在歐美西方人的協助下，1840年夏威夷頒布第一部憲法，揚棄傳統的絕對王權，成為君主立憲國家。透過外交努力，1843年夏威夷王國透過「英法聯合公報」得到英國與法國的正式承認，而成為全世界非西方世界第一個民族國家。19世紀中葉起，國際海運的發展與熱帶農場的興起，進一步的將夏威夷推向成經濟發達的現代國家。
1893年在美國的支持下夏威夷王國被白人推翻，1898年美國進一步在與西班牙的戰爭中，以攻打西班牙殖民地菲律賓為名義佔領夏威夷。由於美國從未合法的完成對於夏威夷的兼併(annexation)，反抗美國統治的運動延續至今。
本文所指的「夏威夷人」的政治運動，主要包括兩種目的與策略的政治運動。首先是以去殖民(de-colonization)政治運動，其目的爭取土著在政治上的自主或是獨立。它包括強調原住民族的自治權利，要求美國政府承認夏威夷人在美國境內的原住民族地位，建立類同於美國印地安人的保留區政府，來實施自治。或是脫離美國統治，建立以土著為主體的獨立國家。另一目的與策略則是「去佔領」(de-occupation)運動，它主張美國與夏威夷的關係自始為一軍事佔領關係，目的在於終止美國對於夏威夷持續的軍事佔領，回復十九世紀夏威夷王國。此一運動主張夏威夷王國主權依舊在在，僅是政府因美國佔領而時停止。我認為，去殖民運動發展出「族裔國族主義」(ethnic nationalism)認同，運動主體為夏威夷土著(native Hawaiian)，人群的認同是基於「血」的連結。而去佔領運動則發展出「公民國族主義」(civic nationalism)，運動主體為夏威夷王國臣民，成員不限族裔，彼此間的認同乃基於法律身份。
Pono是夏威夷人的文化核心，由pono所構成的價值體系，是夏威夷人最重要的文化結構。我主張pono是當代夏威夷人政治運動中，行動者對抗權力的主要資源，它是結構與能動性(agency)的交匯點。我認為當代夏威夷人的政治運動，是以pono，即善、正義、正確、道德等為名的政治實踐。唯不同的歷史詮釋，卻讓今日的夏威夷人在認同與政治運動上，呈現出多元與競爭的面貌。不同組織在政治立場與認同上雖有差異，卻都視法律與文明為抵抗西方強權的最佳策略。而這種抵抗的策略，早於夏威夷王國時期，便被夏威夷人所熟悉與應用。
本文是一篇關於當代夏威夷政治運動的人類學研究。我以歷史材料與田野資料呈現夏威夷人自18世紀後期以來，在西方帝國主義威脅下，如何透過對於西方的妥協、學習、模仿，來展現其高度的政治能動性，逐步建立政治與經濟上的自主。夏威夷人的成就，反證了Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein世界體系理論下，亞、非、大洋洲土著，僅能被動的被吸納於西方帝國主義所構築的世界體系的悲觀觀點。
面對帝國主義強權，夏威夷人提供了人類社會一個極為珍有的例子，見證了人類能動性的無限可能。

關鍵字

夏威夷 ； 夏威夷人 ； 波里尼西亞 ； 土著 ； 原住民 ； 族裔國族主義 ； 公民國族主義 ； 政治運動 ； 認同

並列摘要

Abstract

Hawaii is central to the North Pacific. Its crucial strategic location has made it an unusual history during its modernization. The archipelago composes of eight main islands. There were many Polynesian kingdoms on the islands since prehistory. In January 1778, Captain James Cook accidentally came across these islands. This event started the contact between the West and Hawaii. In 1810, King Kamehameha I unified the archipelago and established the Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1820, United States missionaries arrived and converted Hawaiians to Christianity.

Westerners, in 1840 assisted the Hawaiian Kingdom to promulgate its first constitution making the Hawaiian Kingdom a constitutional monarchy abandoning its traditional absolute power. Through diplomatic efforts in 1843, the British and French governments entered into a formal agreement to recognize the Hawaiian Islands with what is called the Anglo-Franco proclamation, which made the “constitutional kingdom the first national state of the non-Western world.”

In 1893, the haole (White) in Hawaii overthrew the kingdom with United States military support. In 1898, the United States occupied Hawaii under the name of attacking the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. Because the United States never followed the legal procedures to annex Hawaii as a new territory, the anti-American ruling movement is lasting till now.

In this dissertation, I argue that there are two models of the Hawaiian political movement, each with different strategies and political objectives. The first is the 'de-colonization' movement. Its goal is to fight for the autonomy or independence for the native population. It emphasizes the indigenous rights for political autonomy, asking the United States government to recognize the native Hawaiians as an indigenous nation of the United States and establish the equivalence of the Indian reservation government for the native Hawaiian autonomy. Some native Hawaiians insist to secede from the United States pursuing the totally independence.

The second is 'de-occupation' - it argues that the United States-Hawaii partnership is a military occupation. Its goal is to terminate the military occupation status and restore the Hawaiian Kingdom government. It argues that the Hawaiian Kingdom sovereignty still exists and only the kingdom government was suspended under United States occupation.

I argue the de-colonization movement was derived from and appears more appropriate for 'the ethnic nationalism', whose subjects are the native Hawaiian. Their identity is based on 'blood' or 'genetic inheritance'. On the other hand I argue the de-occupation movement was derived from and thereby formed 'the civic nationalism', whose subjects are the Hawaiian Kingdom subjects. Their identity is based on their legal status.

Pono is the cultural core of the Hawaiians. Their value system compose by pono is the most important cultural structure of its people. I argue that it is the main resource of the actors who are fighting against the power during the political movement in contemporary times. It is the juxtaposition of the agency and structure.

I argue that the Hawaiian political movement in the modern times is a political practice under the name of pono, which includes the ethic idea of good, justice, correct, morality, etc. Despite the difference of political standing and identities of organizations, law, and culture are treated as the best strategy to counter the Western powers that they were best acquainted with.

This thesis is an anthropological research on the Hawaiian political movement and identities in contemporary. I used historical materials and my own field studies to explore how the Hawaiians showed their highly political agency with compromising, learning and mimicking the West and gradually received their political and economic autonomy.

The Hawaiians have made successful countering devices to the tragic viewpoint of Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein's 'world system' theory – the peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific can only be absorbed into the world system constructed by the Western Imperialists. Facing the power of imperialism, the Hawaiians offer an extremely valuable example providing evidence of the unlimited possibilities of native human agencies.

Key words:
Hawaii, Hawaiian, Polynesia, native, indigenous, ethnic nationalism, civic nationalism, political movement, identity, de-colonization, de-occupation, ethnicity, localism, power, law, civilization, legality, legitimacy

並列關鍵字

去殖民 ； 去佔領 ； 族屬 ； 當地主義 ； 權力 ； 法律 ； 文明 ； 合法性 ； 合法律性

參考文獻

Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus

Krohn-Hansen, Christian, and Knut G. Nustad

Watson, Trisha Kehaulani

Potter, Norris W., Lawrence M. Kasdon, and Ann Rayson

2000 Hawaii Looking Back : an illustrated history of the islands / by Glen Grant, Bennett Hymer and the Bishop Museum Archives. Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.