國語和客家話的結果式：論元體現

Resultatives in Mandarin Chinese and Hakka: Argument Realization

葉瑞娟(Jui-Chuan Yeh)

指導教授 ： 曹逢甫

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/博士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2008.00595

摘要

Although resultatives in Mandarin Chinese has been an intensely debated topic over the last two decades, no clear consensus on how the verbal arguments are realized has emerged. This work re-examines the resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Hakka and presents a constructional analysis in the hope of shedding some light on the issue.
Our attention is focused not only on how verbal arguments are realized but also on the argument linking rules that govern the choice of subject, object, and oblique. On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that has cast doubt on the general assumption that the clause structure of a resultative sentence is always a direct projection of the verbal argument structure. It is argued that the recognition of grammatical constructions as basic meaningful linguistic units helps account for the idiosyncratic argument realization properties of some resultative patterns, especially the license of the additional, non-subcategorized argument(s). On the other hand, Dowty’s (1991) proto-role entailments are employed to explain the mapping of core arguments to the syntactic positions. To explicate the choice of an oblique argument, we incorporate into our analysis Croft’s (1991, 1998a, b) model of verbal semantics in which the causal relationship among participants in an event plays a primary role.
The major difference between the two dialects in question is that, although Mandarin Chinese abounds in resultative verb compounds, Hakka is relatively conservative in this respect and follows a different pattern in forming the resultative construction. It is showed that many differences between Mandarin Chinese and Hakka resultatives can be traced to the categorical difference of the V(erb)-R(esult) items, namely, compounds in the former and phrases in the latter. A piece of evidence in favor of the phrasal analysis of the Hakka V-R items comes from the observation that a postverbal object is, in most cases, not allowed. To save the ungrammatical V-R-O strings from the Phrase Structure Condition advocated by J. Huang (1984b), the object must be preposed. The pseudo-passive construction, the LAU resultative construction, the BUN resultative construction, and the DO resultative construction are the most common strategies Hakka speakers employ to prepose an object in the resultative construction.

關鍵字

結果式 ； 國語 ； 客家話 ； 構式語法 ； 論元體現

並列摘要

雖然國語的結果式在近二十年來引起熱烈的討論，但關於其論元體現的方式至今仍莫衷一是。本文重新檢視國語和客家話的結果式，並提出構式語法的分析，希望對此議題做出貢獻。
我們討論的重點有二：第一、結果式裡動詞的論元如何體現？第二、論元與句法之間的連結規則為何？關於第一項議題，有很多語言證據顯示結果式的論元體現無法單獨由組成動詞的論元結構來預測，本文主張把結構視為基本的語言單位可以解釋許多看似特殊的論元體現現象，尤其是對於非次類劃分論元的出現更具有解釋力。關於第二項議題，我們採用Dowty (1991)的典型語意角色隱涵理論解釋核心論元與相對句法位置之間的選擇，此外，為了說明非核心論元的選擇，我們加入了Croft(1991, 1998a, b)的事件結構理論，主張事件結構中，參與者之間的因果關係具有決定性的影響。
國語和客家話之間的主要差別在於結果式複合詞的多寡：國語有很多結果式複合詞，但客家話只有零星的結果式複合詞，因此客家話採取不同的句式去表達結果式。本文研究顯示，這兩個語言中，結果式的諸多差異源自於「動-結」組合的句法地位不同，即「動-結」組合在國語中可分析為詞組，但「動-結」組合在客家話中絕大多數的例子仍是詞組。其中一項支持將客家話的「動-結」組合視為詞組的證據在於賓語名詞組無法出現在「動-結」詞組之後，為了要避免違反詞組結構條件(J. Huang 1984b)的「動-結-賓」這種不合語法的語序，賓語必須前提，而準被動句、佬字結果句、分字結果句和到字結果句是客家使用者較常採用的策略。

並列關鍵字

resultative construction ； Mandarin Chinese ； Hakka ； Construction Grammar ； argument realization

參考文獻

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