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  • 學位論文

從「外國的」青島到「中國的」青島: 一個城市形象的文化政治生產過程

From A “Foreign” Qingdao to A “Chinese” Qingdao: The Cultural-Politics of A City’s Image

指導教授 : 黃倩玉
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摘要


本論文旨在檢視中國青島市老城區的城市改造,聚焦於老城區裡殖民建築的意義轉變過程,企圖藉此釐清青島城市現代化的邏輯。青島市位於中國山東省膠州灣畔,曾經歷德國、日本殖民,是從19世紀末開始發展的年輕城市;它同時是中國副省級城市,擁有省級經濟和社會管理權。是山東省內經濟收益較佳的城市,在推展城市現代化方面亦相當積極。 改革開放後,發生在1990至2000年間的市政府東遷政策,造成青島行政、經濟核心從老城區出走的結果,也讓以殖民建築為多數的老城區陷入蕭條景況,成為引發殖民建築意義轉變的契機。為增加商業收益、塑造城市文化形象,青島市、區級政府利用殖民建築的保存與重建,在老城區推動改造計畫與觀光宣傳,試圖重拾過往繁華。這些行動也讓建於殖民時期的房屋,從中性的「建築」,轉變為具有保存、商品價值的「遺產」;這並非單純的轉化過程,而是包含歷史重述、新價值的生產、階級差異造成的空間區隔性等議題的複雜角力。透過我自2009年至2011年間三次田野調查,本論文結合來自政府、知識份子和地方居民對殖民建築的認識、敘述,以及對地方出版品的分析,試圖以深度訪談、參與觀察與文本分析這三種方法,描繪出青島老城區現代化與殖民建築意義轉變的關係。 針對以上的資料,本論文以殖民建築意義的轉化為切入角度,剖析出政府在城市現代化進程中,對殖民建築的商品化與歷史重述的雙重結構下,模糊殖民歷史與建築的脈絡,並加強以愛國思想為主軸的國族主義。國族主義被當成緩和「中國特色」現代化工程中,面對居民發聲權弱化和階級差異加劇等問題的策略。市、區級政府透過以文化、都市形象為名的意識形態的生產與傳播,一點一點地拆除、遺忘殖民歷史,並創建出新的文化價值和道德觀。換言之,這是一個由國家意識形態透過政治主導的地方文化生產過程。

關鍵字

中國城市 現代化 殖民遺產

並列摘要


This thesis focuses on the changing meanings of the colonial heritage in the city of Qingdao, China. Qingdao originally developed as a city under Germany colonization from 1988. Germany occupied Qingdao for 17 years, until 1914 when Japan took over and colonized this city for a total of 13 years. Because of this historical background, the old town area of Qingdao was left with a significant presence of western style architectures built by the Germans and the Japanese. In the wake of China’s economic reform and opening (gaige kaifang) in the 1980s, Qingdao, like many other Chinese cities, faced the pressure of the urban modernization. During the period from 1990 to 2000, the Qingdao municipal government decided to move the administration to eastern part of the city, which made the old town area loses its status as an economic and administrative center. In responds to this decline, and in hopes of improving the situation, the city government attempted to revitalize the area by making the colonial architecture a part of the city image. To do so, they initiated umbers of “projects” to transform the meanings of colonial architecture from a genetic “edifice” to become a celebrated part of city’s “heritage”. This was not a simple transformation, but instead was a process which reinterpreted local and national history, and redefines the way in which the city government promoted a new façade of urban life. As part of the vision of transforming the city’s colonial heritage, the city government declared that modernization would lead citizens and the area to a better life, but instead, the revitalization actually intensified class differences. Drawing from my ethnographic fieldwork, I would argue that the redefinition “project” is in fact a strategy to strengthen the patriotic nationalism and to consolidate the power of control under the guise of urban modernization. By analyzing the urban reform project in the context of post-Mao china, I suggest the process put forth by the Qingdao government was essentially a response to neo-liberalism. Specifically, in improving the economy of the old town area, the citizens were marginalized. This is an example of the making local culture engineered and delivered by local government and driven by national ideology, in contrast to a process that reflected with the vision of the citizens.

並列關鍵字

Chinese city Modernization Colonial heritage

參考文獻


2005 The Political Economy in Public Space. In The Politics of Public
Lee, Leo Ou-fan. 李歐梵
Anderson, Benedict
Cresswell, Tim
Davis, Deborah 戴慧思

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