以結構方法分析「上」結構之ㄧ詞多義現象

A Structural Approach to the Polysemy of the Shang Constructions

曾筱純

指導教授 ： 林宗宏

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2014年)

摘要

在此研究中，我們將以輕動詞的理論為基礎，針對漢語中多義詞「上」的動詞性用法提出一致性的分析。「上」除了可以單獨作為動詞使用外，也可以與另外一個動詞結合成為複合詞。在「上」NP的結構中，「上」的語意會隨著「上」選擇不同的名詞補語而改變，因此先前的研究認為「上」所展現的一詞多義特性是語意延伸的例子之一。舉例來說，「上」可以表達空間的移動，或者是引申為動作的起始點。相同地在V-「上」結構中，「上」也有一詞多義的特性。例如Liu(1998)提出「上」能表達趨向、結果和狀態改變三種意義。在本篇論文中，我們提出藉由句法操作，「上」可以產出不同的語意。在「上」NP結構中，「上」一律選擇處所名詞組作為補語，「上」的語意延伸是藉由「上」移位到不同的輕動詞結合後所產生的結果。而在V-「上」結構中，根據V和「上」之間的句法關係，我們提出兩種V-「上」結構。第一類為修飾語-中心語，而第二類為中心語-補語。在第一類的V-「上」結構中，「上」作為主要動詞並選擇名詞組作補語。V是加接在輕動詞組用來修飾主要動詞「上」的附加語(Shen and Lin 2003)。而在第二類的V-「上」結構中，「上」作為輕動詞並且選擇動詞組作為自己的補語。同時為了要消去「上」本身的[+q]標記，「上」選擇性地引介一個表達數量的詞組(通常是時間詞組)，或者使一個量化過的名詞組移位到「上」的指示語的位置。我們提出的分析顯示多義詞「上」的語意是在句法上決定，因此需要考慮其深層句法結構。

關鍵字

趨向補語 ； 輕動詞 ； 一詞多義 ； 語意延伸

並列摘要

In this work, we adopt a light verb approach and provide a unified analysis for the verbal use of shang in Mandarin Chinese. Shang can serve as the main verb or combine with a verb yielding a verbal compound. In the shang NP construction, the meaning of shang can be different when shang takes different NP complements. Thus, in the previous studies, the polysemy of shang is considered an instance of sense extension. For example, in the shang NP construction, shang could denote spatial movement or a metaphorical beginning of an action. Likewise, in the V-shang construction, shang could denote directional movement, a result of the preceding V, or a sense of change of state (Liu 1998). In this work, we claim that through syntactic operation, shang can generate different senses. In addition, in the shang NP construction, shang invariably selects a locative complement. Movement of shang to different subject-selecting light verbs yields different uses of shang. As for the V-shang construction, based on the syntactic relation between V and shang, we propose two types of V-shang construction. In the first type of V-shang construction, namely modifier-head, shang serves as the main verb and takes an NP complement. And V functions as a modifier VP that adjoins to vP (Shen and Lin 2003). In the second type of V-shang construction, namely head-complement, shang serves as an aspectual light verb that takes a VP complement. And shang optionally introduces a quantity-denoting phrase (usually a temporal phrase) as its specifier, or forces a quantized NP to raise to the specifier of shang-vP as the quantity feature [+q] of shang needs to be checked. Our proposal shows that the multiple senses of shang are built in syntax and are sensitive to the underlying syntactic structure of sentences.

並列關鍵字

directional complement ； light verb ； polysemy ； sense extension

參考文獻

Lin, T.-H. Jonah. 2014. The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. Edited by Huang, C.-T. James. Y.-H. Audrey Li, and Andrew Simpson. 2014. Wiley Blackwell.

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Lin. T.-H. Jonah and C.-M. Louis Liu. 2009. ‘Again’ and ‘Again’: A Grammatical Analysis of You and Zai in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 47-5:1183-1210.