漢語多面向動詞「擠」的語意研究

Semantic Profile of the Multi-faceted Verb ji 擠 in Mandarin Chinese

周書平(Shu-ping Chou)

指導教授 ： 連金發 ； 劉美君

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2014.00472

摘要

本論文旨在發掘漢語動詞擠的多面向特性，此動詞的用法顯現了空間範疇中複雜的語法語意關係。過往研究詞彙語意的文獻多數基於語法表現和語意框架進行動詞的分類（例如：Fillmore and Atkins 1992, Levin 1993, Liu 2002a, Liu 2002b, Wu 2010, Chien 2011），而存在多種語意面向的動詞則未得到足夠的研究及討論。
本文將深入探討多面向動詞擠展現的多樣性，並清楚定義出在空間範疇之內，各語法語意關係之間的互動。這一個動詞能夠展現人類最基本的認知空間範疇中，許多不同的語意關係，表達出移動、空間配置、移除，以及身體接觸等事件。在這些事件中，擠明確指出了多種相關的空間關係，包含施事者和終點、客體和處所、客體和起點，以及施事者和受事者間的關係。
這四個看似不同卻彼此相關的事件類型，可以看作相同認知基礎上的不同語意側重，它們皆定義了物體和限制空間的處所之間的語意關係。本研究提出一個核心的概念基模，意圖捕捉擠的本質概念，以作為語意延伸的基礎，而對於每個事件類型，則有不同側重的概念基模，使這種種用法能在不同情境下準確地被定義和區分。因為提出了核心概念基模以及不同側重的概念基模，這個展現了多樣語意關係及句式搭配特性的多面向動詞擠，將能在完整的原則下被闡述釐清。
本研究採用了「使用為本的詞彙構式理論」來說明不同的事件類型可能植基於相同的認知背景。這個理論結合了框架語意學（Fillmore & Atkins 1992）和構式語法（Goldberg 1995），一方面找到框架中的參與者腳色，一方面指出相關的句法搭配形式。此外語意側重的機制（Langacker 1987, 1990）也用以解釋語意面向的多樣性。本研究說明語意框架能藉由構式的定義而更加嚴謹，對於富有變化的多面向動詞用法，有更精準的分析能力。

關鍵字

擠 ； 多面向動詞 ； 詞彙語意 ； 使用為本的詞彙構式理論 ； 語意側重 ； 框架語意 ； 構式語法

並列摘要

This paper aims to explore the multi-faceted property pertaining to the verb jǐ 擠 in Mandarin as it manifests complex syntactic and semantic relations in the spatial domain. Previous studies on lexical semantics have dealt with verb classes on the basis of different syntactic behaviors and semantic frames (e.g., Fillmore and Atkins 1992, Levin 1993, Liu 2002a, Liu 2002b, Wu 2010, Chien 2011). However, the multi-faceted verbs have not yet been studied in a consistent way with adequate discussions.
The paper probes into the diverse range of the multi-faceted verb jǐ 擠 and defines the interactions among the syntactically-relevant semantic relations in the underlying spatial domain. In terms of spatiality, which is one of the most fundamental human cognitive domains, a single verb jǐ 擠 may show multiple semantic relations and denote events of Motion, Spatial Configuration, Removing, and spatially-confined Body Contact. In these events, jǐ 擠 specifies varied but related spatial relations between the Agent and Goal, Theme and Location, Theme and Source, and Agent and Patient.
The four distinct but related event types may be viewed as the results of semantic profiles on different aspects of the same cognitive base—the spatial relation between some entities and a confined location. The study proposes a core conceptual schema to capture the essence of the central concept of jǐ 擠, as the basis for sense extensions. For each event type it may evoke, a profiled schema is suggested to set clear scenario for defining the particular use. By providing the core schema of the verb’s spatial representation and realization of different profiled aspects, the multi-faceted verb exhibiting multiple semantic relations and collo-constructional characteristics can be well accounted for in a principled way.
The study adopts a usage-based lexical-constructional approach showing how different event types may share the same cognitive background. It integrates the framework of Frame Semantics (Fillmore & Atkins 1992) with a constructional approach (Goldberg 1995) by identifying frame-specific participant roles with a further specification of the associated collo-constructional patterns. It also makes use of the mechanism of semantic profile (Langacker 1987, 1990) to explain the multiple semantic facets as lexically-based constructional profiling. Finally, the study shows that semantic frames can be characterized respectively with more rigid constructional definitions for the flexible and diverse uses of multi-faceted verbs.

並列關鍵字

ji ； multi-faceted verb ； lexical semantics ； usage-based lexical-constructional approach ； Semantic Profile ； Frame Semantics ； Construction Grammar

參考文獻

Tsai, Mei-Chih, Chu-Ren Huang, Ken-Jiann Chen, and Kathleen Ahrens. 1998. Towards a representation of verbal semantics--An approach based on near-synonyms. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 3(1): 61-47.

Fillmore, Charles J., and Beryl T. Atkins. 1992. Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In Frames, fields, and contrasts, ed. by Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Feder Kittay, 75-102. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence.

Lamarre, Christine. 2007. The linguistic encoding of motion events in Chinese: With reference to cross-dialectal variation. In Typological Studies of the Linguistic Expression of Motion Events, vol. 1: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, ed. by Christine Lamarre and Toshio Ohori, 3-33. Tokyo: University of Tokyo.

Liu, Mei-Chun. 2002a. Case 1: Verbs of Surface Contact: cā 擦, shì 拭, tú 塗, mǒ 抹. In Mandarin verbal semantics: A corpus-based approach, 2nd ed., edited by Mei-chun Liu, 58-75. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co.

Liu, Mei-Chun. 2002b. Case 5: Frame-setting verbs: qiǎng 搶. In Mandarin verbal semantics: A corpus-based approach, 2nd ed., edited by Mei-chun Liu, 144-153. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co.