「無障礙環境」在1950年晚期才開始被國際社會提出討論,其主要概念是在強調身心障礙者應該與一般民眾一樣可以共同生活,而這樣的概念迅速地延伸至各先進國家,各國也紛紛開始擬訂出「無障礙環境法規」並提出「無障礙設計」的相關規範。無障礙博物館的推行,強調身心障礙者與一般參觀者一樣,可以享有正常化的博物館參觀學習活動,國內各個博物館雖然已依照「無障礙環境法規」都設有無障礙設施,但仍較少考慮到「通用設計」的觀念,環境建物與空間設施在服務多樣使用族群的趨勢情況下,有效導入「通用設計」的考量是必要的,無論室外或室內,都應考量所有使用者(老弱婦孺、身心障礙及一般民眾)之需求,以滿足所有族群都適用的博物館環境。 本研究透過文獻蒐集及分析整理,歸納出博物館無障礙環境中之室外硬體(出入口、引導通路、停車場)、室內硬體(大廳、展區通道、樓梯、電梯、廁所)及室內軟體(展示設計、導覽)三大項作為本論文研究無障礙環境分析的主要項目,再綜合考量使用者特性與分類,了解使用者的需求及心理層面的考量來分析三間博物館個案,探討博物館無障礙環境中的相關問題,以觀察及個案比對的方式得出結果,再加入綜合整理館員訪談內容,客觀找出參觀過程中,可以結合通用設計的無障礙環境,最後建立使用者為導向的博物館之通用設計準則,提供給後續新建博物館在無障礙環境規劃設計之參考,讓博物館的環境更能貼近所有族群的需求,創造良好的參觀品質及舒適友善的整體環境。
Starting late 1950s, accessible environment was rigorously discussed, aiming to provide a standard living environment to disables. This staple concept was gradually spread to other advanced countries which spurs the legislation of Disability Act and led to disability accessible designs. The promotion of disable-accessible museums also emphasizes mental disables to be able to participate and learn as others in museums. Although many museums have abided to the Disability Act and provide accessible construction, they lack the consideration of Universal Design. In today’s society, being able to serve all kinds of audiences is the status quo, and the induction of Universal Design is necessary. Whether it’s indoor or outdoor, elderly, disables, or the healthy, all audiences should be considered to provide a museum environment for everyone. This particular paper analyzes literature and concludes several components for a accessible environment: outdoor structure, indoor structure, and indoor environment. A accessible environment along with audiences’ traits are analyzed and categorized through the idea and research of Universal Design to understand audiences’ physical and mental needs. Major components of Universal Design are gathered and analyzed by observing three museum cases. Museums’ accessible environment is diagnosed for problems by conducting case comparison and surveying audiences for improvement. Observing any presence of adverse situation when audiences are viewing the exhibition helps form the combination of Universal Design and disable-friendly environment.